// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * fs/dcache.c
 *
 * Complete reimplementation
 * (C) 1997 Thomas Schoebel-Theuer,
 * with heavy changes by Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * Notes on the allocation strategy:
 *
 * The dcache is a master of the icache - whenever a dcache entry
 * exists, the inode will always exist. "iput()" is done either when
 * the dcache entry is deleted or garbage collected.
 */

#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/fscrypt.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/cache.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/seqlock.h>
#include <linux/memblock.h>
#include <linux/bit_spinlock.h>
#include <linux/rculist_bl.h>
#include <linux/list_lru.h>
#include "internal.h"
#include "mount.h"

#include <asm/runtime-const.h>

/*
 * Usage:
 * dcache->d_inode->i_lock protects:
 *   - i_dentry, d_u.d_alias, d_inode of aliases
 * dcache_hash_bucket lock protects:
 *   - the dcache hash table
 * s_roots bl list spinlock protects:
 *   - the s_roots list (see __d_drop)
 * dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru_lock protects:
 *   - the dcache lru lists and counters
 * d_lock protects:
 *   - d_flags
 *   - d_name
 *   - d_lru
 *   - d_count
 *   - d_unhashed()
 *   - d_parent and d_chilren
 *   - childrens' d_sib and d_parent
 *   - d_u.d_alias, d_inode
 *
 * Ordering:
 * dentry->d_inode->i_lock
 *   dentry->d_lock
 *     dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru_lock
 *     dcache_hash_bucket lock
 *     s_roots lock
 *
 * If there is an ancestor relationship:
 * dentry->d_parent->...->d_parent->d_lock
 *   ...
 *     dentry->d_parent->d_lock
 *       dentry->d_lock
 *
 * If no ancestor relationship:
 * arbitrary, since it's serialized on rename_lock
 */
static int sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure __read_mostly = 100;
static int sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure_denom __read_mostly = 100;

unsigned long vfs_pressure_ratio(unsigned long val)
{
        return mult_frac(val, sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure, sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure_denom);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfs_pressure_ratio);

__cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SEQLOCK(rename_lock);

EXPORT_SYMBOL(rename_lock);

static struct kmem_cache *__dentry_cache __ro_after_init;
#define dentry_cache runtime_const_ptr(__dentry_cache)

const struct qstr empty_name = QSTR_INIT("", 0);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(empty_name);
const struct qstr slash_name = QSTR_INIT("/", 1);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(slash_name);
const struct qstr dotdot_name = QSTR_INIT("..", 2);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dotdot_name);

/*
 * This is the single most critical data structure when it comes
 * to the dcache: the hashtable for lookups. Somebody should try
 * to make this good - I've just made it work.
 *
 * This hash-function tries to avoid losing too many bits of hash
 * information, yet avoid using a prime hash-size or similar.
 *
 * Marking the variables "used" ensures that the compiler doesn't
 * optimize them away completely on architectures with runtime
 * constant infrastructure, this allows debuggers to see their
 * values. But updating these values has no effect on those arches.
 */

static unsigned int d_hash_shift __ro_after_init __used;

static struct hlist_bl_head *dentry_hashtable __ro_after_init __used;

static inline struct hlist_bl_head *d_hash(unsigned long hashlen)
{
        return runtime_const_ptr(dentry_hashtable) +
                runtime_const_shift_right_32(hashlen, d_hash_shift);
}

#define IN_LOOKUP_SHIFT 10
static struct hlist_bl_head in_lookup_hashtable[1 << IN_LOOKUP_SHIFT];

static inline struct hlist_bl_head *in_lookup_hash(const struct dentry *parent,
                                        unsigned int hash)
{
        hash += (unsigned long) parent / L1_CACHE_BYTES;
        return in_lookup_hashtable + hash_32(hash, IN_LOOKUP_SHIFT);
}

struct dentry_stat_t {
        long nr_dentry;
        long nr_unused;
        long age_limit;         /* age in seconds */
        long want_pages;        /* pages requested by system */
        long nr_negative;       /* # of unused negative dentries */
        long dummy;             /* Reserved for future use */
};

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(long, nr_dentry);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(long, nr_dentry_unused);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(long, nr_dentry_negative);
static int dentry_negative_policy;

#if defined(CONFIG_SYSCTL) && defined(CONFIG_PROC_FS)
/* Statistics gathering. */
static struct dentry_stat_t dentry_stat = {
        .age_limit = 45,
};

/*
 * Here we resort to our own counters instead of using generic per-cpu counters
 * for consistency with what the vfs inode code does. We are expected to harvest
 * better code and performance by having our own specialized counters.
 *
 * Please note that the loop is done over all possible CPUs, not over all online
 * CPUs. The reason for this is that we don't want to play games with CPUs going
 * on and off. If one of them goes off, we will just keep their counters.
 *
 * glommer: See cffbc8a for details, and if you ever intend to change this,
 * please update all vfs counters to match.
 */
static long get_nr_dentry(void)
{
        int i;
        long sum = 0;
        for_each_possible_cpu(i)
                sum += per_cpu(nr_dentry, i);
        return sum < 0 ? 0 : sum;
}

static long get_nr_dentry_unused(void)
{
        int i;
        long sum = 0;
        for_each_possible_cpu(i)
                sum += per_cpu(nr_dentry_unused, i);
        return sum < 0 ? 0 : sum;
}

static long get_nr_dentry_negative(void)
{
        int i;
        long sum = 0;

        for_each_possible_cpu(i)
                sum += per_cpu(nr_dentry_negative, i);
        return sum < 0 ? 0 : sum;
}

static int proc_nr_dentry(const struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffer,
                          size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        dentry_stat.nr_dentry = get_nr_dentry();
        dentry_stat.nr_unused = get_nr_dentry_unused();
        dentry_stat.nr_negative = get_nr_dentry_negative();
        return proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
}

static const struct ctl_table fs_dcache_sysctls[] = {
        {
                .procname       = "dentry-state",
                .data           = &dentry_stat,
                .maxlen         = 6*sizeof(long),
                .mode           = 0444,
                .proc_handler   = proc_nr_dentry,
        },
        {
                .procname       = "dentry-negative",
                .data           = &dentry_negative_policy,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(dentry_negative_policy),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
        },
};

static const struct ctl_table vm_dcache_sysctls[] = {
        {
                .procname       = "vfs_cache_pressure",
                .data           = &sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
        },
        {
                .procname       = "vfs_cache_pressure_denom",
                .data           = &sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure_denom,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure_denom),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                .extra1         = SYSCTL_ONE_HUNDRED,
        },
};

static int __init init_fs_dcache_sysctls(void)
{
        register_sysctl_init("vm", vm_dcache_sysctls);
        register_sysctl_init("fs", fs_dcache_sysctls);
        return 0;
}
fs_initcall(init_fs_dcache_sysctls);
#endif

/*
 * Compare 2 name strings, return 0 if they match, otherwise non-zero.
 * The strings are both count bytes long, and count is non-zero.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_DCACHE_WORD_ACCESS

#include <asm/word-at-a-time.h>
/*
 * NOTE! 'cs' and 'scount' come from a dentry, so it has a
 * aligned allocation for this particular component. We don't
 * strictly need the load_unaligned_zeropad() safety, but it
 * doesn't hurt either.
 *
 * In contrast, 'ct' and 'tcount' can be from a pathname, and do
 * need the careful unaligned handling.
 */
static inline int dentry_string_cmp(const unsigned char *cs, const unsigned char *ct, unsigned tcount)
{
        unsigned long a,b,mask;

        for (;;) {
                a = read_word_at_a_time(cs);
                b = load_unaligned_zeropad(ct);
                if (tcount < sizeof(unsigned long))
                        break;
                if (unlikely(a != b))
                        return 1;
                cs += sizeof(unsigned long);
                ct += sizeof(unsigned long);
                tcount -= sizeof(unsigned long);
                if (!tcount)
                        return 0;
        }
        mask = bytemask_from_count(tcount);
        return unlikely(!!((a ^ b) & mask));
}

#else

static inline int dentry_string_cmp(const unsigned char *cs, const unsigned char *ct, unsigned tcount)
{
        do {
                if (*cs != *ct)
                        return 1;
                cs++;
                ct++;
                tcount--;
        } while (tcount);
        return 0;
}

#endif

static inline int dentry_cmp(const struct dentry *dentry, const unsigned char *ct, unsigned tcount)
{
        /*
         * Be careful about RCU walk racing with rename:
         * use 'READ_ONCE' to fetch the name pointer.
         *
         * NOTE! Even if a rename will mean that the length
         * was not loaded atomically, we don't care. The
         * RCU walk will check the sequence count eventually,
         * and catch it. And we won't overrun the buffer,
         * because we're reading the name pointer atomically,
         * and a dentry name is guaranteed to be properly
         * terminated with a NUL byte.
         *
         * End result: even if 'len' is wrong, we'll exit
         * early because the data cannot match (there can
         * be no NUL in the ct/tcount data)
         */
        const unsigned char *cs = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_name.name);

        return dentry_string_cmp(cs, ct, tcount);
}

/*
 * long names are allocated separately from dentry and never modified.
 * Refcounted, freeing is RCU-delayed.  See take_dentry_name_snapshot()
 * for the reason why ->count and ->head can't be combined into a union.
 * dentry_string_cmp() relies upon ->name[] being word-aligned.
 */
struct external_name {
        atomic_t count;
        struct rcu_head head;
        unsigned char name[] __aligned(sizeof(unsigned long));
};

static inline struct external_name *external_name(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        return container_of(dentry->d_name.name, struct external_name, name[0]);
}

static void __d_free(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = container_of(head, struct dentry, d_u.d_rcu);

        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
}

static void __d_free_external(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = container_of(head, struct dentry, d_u.d_rcu);
        kfree(external_name(dentry));
        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry);
}

static inline int dname_external(const struct dentry *dentry)
{
        return dentry->d_name.name != dentry->d_shortname.string;
}

void take_dentry_name_snapshot(struct name_snapshot *name, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        unsigned seq;
        const unsigned char *s;

        rcu_read_lock();
retry:
        seq = read_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
        s = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_name.name);
        name->name.hash_len = dentry->d_name.hash_len;
        name->name.name = name->inline_name.string;
        if (likely(s == dentry->d_shortname.string)) {
                name->inline_name = dentry->d_shortname;
        } else {
                struct external_name *p;
                p = container_of(s, struct external_name, name[0]);
                // get a valid reference
                if (unlikely(!atomic_inc_not_zero(&p->count)))
                        goto retry;
                name->name.name = s;
        }
        if (read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, seq)) {
                release_dentry_name_snapshot(name);
                goto retry;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(take_dentry_name_snapshot);

void release_dentry_name_snapshot(struct name_snapshot *name)
{
        if (unlikely(name->name.name != name->inline_name.string)) {
                struct external_name *p;
                p = container_of(name->name.name, struct external_name, name[0]);
                if (unlikely(atomic_dec_and_test(&p->count)))
                        kfree_rcu(p, head);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(release_dentry_name_snapshot);

static inline void __d_set_inode_and_type(struct dentry *dentry,
                                          struct inode *inode,
                                          unsigned type_flags)
{
        unsigned flags;

        dentry->d_inode = inode;
        flags = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_flags);
        flags &= ~DCACHE_ENTRY_TYPE;
        flags |= type_flags;
        smp_store_release(&dentry->d_flags, flags);
}

static inline void __d_clear_type_and_inode(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        unsigned flags = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_flags);

        flags &= ~DCACHE_ENTRY_TYPE;
        WRITE_ONCE(dentry->d_flags, flags);
        dentry->d_inode = NULL;
        /*
         * The negative counter only tracks dentries on the LRU. Don't inc if
         * d_lru is on another list.
         */
        if ((flags & (DCACHE_LRU_LIST|DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST)) == DCACHE_LRU_LIST)
                this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry_negative);
}

static void dentry_free(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        WARN_ON(!hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_u.d_alias));
        if (unlikely(dname_external(dentry))) {
                struct external_name *p = external_name(dentry);
                if (likely(atomic_dec_and_test(&p->count))) {
                        call_rcu(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu, __d_free_external);
                        return;
                }
        }
        /* if dentry was never visible to RCU, immediate free is OK */
        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_NORCU)
                __d_free(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu);
        else
                call_rcu(&dentry->d_u.d_rcu, __d_free);
}

/*
 * Release the dentry's inode, using the filesystem
 * d_iput() operation if defined.
 */
static void dentry_unlink_inode(struct dentry * dentry)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
        __releases(dentry->d_inode->i_lock)
{
        struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;

        raw_write_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
        __d_clear_type_and_inode(dentry);
        hlist_del_init(&dentry->d_u.d_alias);
        raw_write_seqcount_end(&dentry->d_seq);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        if (!inode->i_nlink)
                fsnotify_inoderemove(inode);
        if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)
                dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);
        else
                iput(inode);
}

/*
 * The DCACHE_LRU_LIST bit is set whenever the 'd_lru' entry
 * is in use - which includes both the "real" per-superblock
 * LRU list _and_ the DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST use.
 *
 * The DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST bit is set whenever the dentry is
 * on the shrink list (ie not on the superblock LRU list).
 *
 * The per-cpu "nr_dentry_unused" counters are updated with
 * the DCACHE_LRU_LIST bit.
 *
 * The per-cpu "nr_dentry_negative" counters are only updated
 * when deleted from or added to the per-superblock LRU list, not
 * from/to the shrink list. That is to avoid an unneeded dec/inc
 * pair when moving from LRU to shrink list in select_collect().
 *
 * These helper functions make sure we always follow the
 * rules. d_lock must be held by the caller.
 */
#define D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry,x) WARN_ON_ONCE(((dentry)->d_flags & (DCACHE_LRU_LIST | DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST)) != (x))
static void d_lru_add(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, 0);
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_LRU_LIST;
        this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry_unused);
        if (d_is_negative(dentry))
                this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry_negative);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_lru_add_obj(
                        &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru, &dentry->d_lru));
}

static void d_lru_del(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, DCACHE_LRU_LIST);
        dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_LRU_LIST;
        this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_unused);
        if (d_is_negative(dentry))
                this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_negative);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_lru_del_obj(
                        &dentry->d_sb->s_dentry_lru, &dentry->d_lru));
}

static void d_shrink_del(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST | DCACHE_LRU_LIST);
        list_del_init(&dentry->d_lru);
        dentry->d_flags &= ~(DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST | DCACHE_LRU_LIST);
        this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_unused);
}

static void d_shrink_add(struct dentry *dentry, struct list_head *list)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, 0);
        list_add(&dentry->d_lru, list);
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST | DCACHE_LRU_LIST;
        this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry_unused);
}

/*
 * These can only be called under the global LRU lock, ie during the
 * callback for freeing the LRU list. "isolate" removes it from the
 * LRU lists entirely, while shrink_move moves it to the indicated
 * private list.
 */
static void d_lru_isolate(struct list_lru_one *lru, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, DCACHE_LRU_LIST);
        dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_LRU_LIST;
        this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_unused);
        if (d_is_negative(dentry))
                this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_negative);
        list_lru_isolate(lru, &dentry->d_lru);
}

static void d_lru_shrink_move(struct list_lru_one *lru, struct dentry *dentry,
                              struct list_head *list)
{
        D_FLAG_VERIFY(dentry, DCACHE_LRU_LIST);
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST;
        if (d_is_negative(dentry))
                this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_negative);
        list_lru_isolate_move(lru, &dentry->d_lru, list);
}

static void ___d_drop(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct hlist_bl_head *b;
        /*
         * Hashed dentries are normally on the dentry hashtable,
         * with the exception of those newly allocated by
         * d_obtain_root, which are always IS_ROOT:
         */
        if (unlikely(IS_ROOT(dentry)))
                b = &dentry->d_sb->s_roots;
        else
                b = d_hash(dentry->d_name.hash);

        hlist_bl_lock(b);
        __hlist_bl_del(&dentry->d_hash);
        hlist_bl_unlock(b);
}

void __d_drop(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!d_unhashed(dentry)) {
                ___d_drop(dentry);
                dentry->d_hash.pprev = NULL;
                write_seqcount_invalidate(&dentry->d_seq);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__d_drop);

/**
 * d_drop - drop a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to drop
 *
 * d_drop() unhashes the entry from the parent dentry hashes, so that it won't
 * be found through a VFS lookup any more. Note that this is different from
 * deleting the dentry - d_delete will try to mark the dentry negative if
 * possible, giving a successful _negative_ lookup, while d_drop will
 * just make the cache lookup fail.
 *
 * d_drop() is used mainly for stuff that wants to invalidate a dentry for some
 * reason (NFS timeouts or autofs deletes).
 *
 * __d_drop requires dentry->d_lock
 *
 * ___d_drop doesn't mark dentry as "unhashed"
 * (dentry->d_hash.pprev will be LIST_POISON2, not NULL).
 */
void d_drop(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        __d_drop(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_drop);

static inline void dentry_unlist(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *next;
        /*
         * Inform d_walk() and shrink_dentry_list() that we are no longer
         * attached to the dentry tree
         */
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_DENTRY_KILLED;
        if (unlikely(hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_sib)))
                return;
        __hlist_del(&dentry->d_sib);
        /*
         * Cursors can move around the list of children.  While we'd been
         * a normal list member, it didn't matter - ->d_sib.next would've
         * been updated.  However, from now on it won't be and for the
         * things like d_walk() it might end up with a nasty surprise.
         * Normally d_walk() doesn't care about cursors moving around -
         * ->d_lock on parent prevents that and since a cursor has no children
         * of its own, we get through it without ever unlocking the parent.
         * There is one exception, though - if we ascend from a child that
         * gets killed as soon as we unlock it, the next sibling is found
         * using the value left in its ->d_sib.next.  And if _that_
         * pointed to a cursor, and cursor got moved (e.g. by lseek())
         * before d_walk() regains parent->d_lock, we'll end up skipping
         * everything the cursor had been moved past.
         *
         * Solution: make sure that the pointer left behind in ->d_sib.next
         * points to something that won't be moving around.  I.e. skip the
         * cursors.
         */
        while (dentry->d_sib.next) {
                next = hlist_entry(dentry->d_sib.next, struct dentry, d_sib);
                if (likely(!(next->d_flags & DCACHE_DENTRY_CURSOR)))
                        break;
                dentry->d_sib.next = next->d_sib.next;
        }
}

static struct dentry *__dentry_kill(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *parent = NULL;
        bool can_free = true;

        /*
         * The dentry is now unrecoverably dead to the world.
         */
        lockref_mark_dead(&dentry->d_lockref);

        /*
         * inform the fs via d_prune that this dentry is about to be
         * unhashed and destroyed.
         */
        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_PRUNE)
                dentry->d_op->d_prune(dentry);

        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_LRU_LIST) {
                if (!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST))
                        d_lru_del(dentry);
        }
        /* if it was on the hash then remove it */
        __d_drop(dentry);
        if (dentry->d_inode)
                dentry_unlink_inode(dentry);
        else
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry);
        if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_release)
                dentry->d_op->d_release(dentry);

        cond_resched();
        /* now that it's negative, ->d_parent is stable */
        if (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                parent = dentry->d_parent;
                spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
        }
        spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
        dentry_unlist(dentry);
        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST)
                can_free = false;
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (likely(can_free))
                dentry_free(dentry);
        if (parent && --parent->d_lockref.count) {
                spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
                return NULL;
        }
        return parent;
}

/*
 * Lock a dentry for feeding it to __dentry_kill().
 * Called under rcu_read_lock() and dentry->d_lock; the former
 * guarantees that nothing we access will be freed under us.
 * Note that dentry is *not* protected from concurrent dentry_kill(),
 * d_delete(), etc.
 *
 * Return false if dentry is busy.  Otherwise, return true and have
 * that dentry's inode locked.
 */

static bool lock_for_kill(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;

        if (unlikely(dentry->d_lockref.count))
                return false;

        if (!inode || likely(spin_trylock(&inode->i_lock)))
                return true;

        do {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (likely(inode == dentry->d_inode))
                        break;
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                inode = dentry->d_inode;
        } while (inode);
        if (likely(!dentry->d_lockref.count))
                return true;
        if (inode)
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        return false;
}

/*
 * Decide if dentry is worth retaining.  Usually this is called with dentry
 * locked; if not locked, we are more limited and might not be able to tell
 * without a lock.  False in this case means "punt to locked path and recheck".
 *
 * In case we aren't locked, these predicates are not "stable". However, it is
 * sufficient that at some point after we dropped the reference the dentry was
 * hashed and the flags had the proper value. Other dentry users may have
 * re-gotten a reference to the dentry and change that, but our work is done -
 * we can leave the dentry around with a zero refcount.
 */
static inline bool retain_dentry(struct dentry *dentry, bool locked)
{
        unsigned int d_flags;

        smp_rmb();
        d_flags = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_flags);

        // Unreachable? Nobody would be able to look it up, no point retaining
        if (unlikely(d_unhashed(dentry)))
                return false;

        // Same if it's disconnected
        if (unlikely(d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED))
                return false;

        // ->d_delete() might tell us not to bother, but that requires
        // ->d_lock; can't decide without it
        if (unlikely(d_flags & DCACHE_OP_DELETE)) {
                if (!locked || dentry->d_op->d_delete(dentry))
                        return false;
        }

        // Explicitly told not to bother
        if (unlikely(d_flags & DCACHE_DONTCACHE))
                return false;

        // At this point it looks like we ought to keep it.  We also might
        // need to do something - put it on LRU if it wasn't there already
        // and mark it referenced if it was on LRU, but not marked yet.
        // Unfortunately, both actions require ->d_lock, so in lockless
        // case we'd have to punt rather than doing those.
        if (unlikely(!(d_flags & DCACHE_LRU_LIST))) {
                if (!locked)
                        return false;
                d_lru_add(dentry);
        } else if (unlikely(!(d_flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED))) {
                if (!locked)
                        return false;
                dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_REFERENCED;
        }
        return true;
}

void d_mark_dontcache(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *de;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        hlist_for_each_entry(de, &inode->i_dentry, d_u.d_alias) {
                spin_lock(&de->d_lock);
                de->d_flags |= DCACHE_DONTCACHE;
                spin_unlock(&de->d_lock);
        }
        inode_state_set(inode, I_DONTCACHE);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_mark_dontcache);

/*
 * Try to do a lockless dput(), and return whether that was successful.
 *
 * If unsuccessful, we return false, having already taken the dentry lock.
 * In that case refcount is guaranteed to be zero and we have already
 * decided that it's not worth keeping around.
 *
 * The caller needs to hold the RCU read lock, so that the dentry is
 * guaranteed to stay around even if the refcount goes down to zero!
 */
static inline bool fast_dput(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        int ret;

        /*
         * try to decrement the lockref optimistically.
         */
        ret = lockref_put_return(&dentry->d_lockref);

        /*
         * If the lockref_put_return() failed due to the lock being held
         * by somebody else, the fast path has failed. We will need to
         * get the lock, and then check the count again.
         */
        if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(dentry->d_lockref.count <= 0)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        return true;
                }
                dentry->d_lockref.count--;
                goto locked;
        }

        /*
         * If we weren't the last ref, we're done.
         */
        if (ret)
                return true;

        /*
         * Can we decide that decrement of refcount is all we needed without
         * taking the lock?  There's a very common case when it's all we need -
         * dentry looks like it ought to be retained and there's nothing else
         * to do.
         */
        if (retain_dentry(dentry, false))
                return true;

        /*
         * Either not worth retaining or we can't tell without the lock.
         * Get the lock, then.  We've already decremented the refcount to 0,
         * but we'll need to re-check the situation after getting the lock.
         */
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);

        /*
         * Did somebody else grab a reference to it in the meantime, and
         * we're no longer the last user after all? Alternatively, somebody
         * else could have killed it and marked it dead. Either way, we
         * don't need to do anything else.
         */
locked:
        if (dentry->d_lockref.count || retain_dentry(dentry, true)) {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}

static void finish_dput(struct dentry *dentry)
        __releases(dentry->d_lock)
        __releases(RCU)
{
        while (lock_for_kill(dentry)) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                dentry = __dentry_kill(dentry);
                if (!dentry)
                        return;
                if (retain_dentry(dentry, true)) {
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        return;
                }
                rcu_read_lock();
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}

/* 
 * This is dput
 *
 * This is complicated by the fact that we do not want to put
 * dentries that are no longer on any hash chain on the unused
 * list: we'd much rather just get rid of them immediately.
 *
 * However, that implies that we have to traverse the dentry
 * tree upwards to the parents which might _also_ now be
 * scheduled for deletion (it may have been only waiting for
 * its last child to go away).
 *
 * This tail recursion is done by hand as we don't want to depend
 * on the compiler to always get this right (gcc generally doesn't).
 * Real recursion would eat up our stack space.
 */

/*
 * dput - release a dentry
 * @dentry: dentry to release 
 *
 * Release a dentry. This will drop the usage count and if appropriate
 * call the dentry unlink method as well as removing it from the queues and
 * releasing its resources. If the parent dentries were scheduled for release
 * they too may now get deleted.
 */
void dput(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!dentry)
                return;
        might_sleep();
        rcu_read_lock();
        if (likely(fast_dput(dentry))) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                return;
        }
        finish_dput(dentry);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dput);

void d_make_discardable(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        WARN_ON(!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_PERSISTENT));
        dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_PERSISTENT;
        dentry->d_lockref.count--;
        rcu_read_lock();
        finish_dput(dentry);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_make_discardable);

static void to_shrink_list(struct dentry *dentry, struct list_head *list)
__must_hold(&dentry->d_lock)
{
        if (!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST)) {
                if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_LRU_LIST)
                        d_lru_del(dentry);
                d_shrink_add(dentry, list);
        }
}

void dput_to_list(struct dentry *dentry, struct list_head *list)
{
        rcu_read_lock();
        if (likely(fast_dput(dentry))) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                return;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        to_shrink_list(dentry, list);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}

struct dentry *dget_parent(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        int gotref;
        struct dentry *ret;
        unsigned seq;

        /*
         * Do optimistic parent lookup without any
         * locking.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        seq = raw_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
        ret = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_parent);
        gotref = lockref_get_not_zero(&ret->d_lockref);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (likely(gotref)) {
                if (!read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, seq))
                        return ret;
                dput(ret);
        }

repeat:
        /*
         * Don't need rcu_dereference because we re-check it was correct under
         * the lock.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        ret = dentry->d_parent;
        spin_lock(&ret->d_lock);
        if (unlikely(ret != dentry->d_parent)) {
                spin_unlock(&ret->d_lock);
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto repeat;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        BUG_ON(!ret->d_lockref.count);
        ret->d_lockref.count++;
        spin_unlock(&ret->d_lock);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dget_parent);

static struct dentry * __d_find_any_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *alias;

        if (hlist_empty(&inode->i_dentry))
                return NULL;
        alias = hlist_entry(inode->i_dentry.first, struct dentry, d_u.d_alias);
        lockref_get(&alias->d_lockref);
        return alias;
}

/**
 * d_find_any_alias - find any alias for a given inode
 * @inode: inode to find an alias for
 *
 * If any aliases exist for the given inode, take and return a
 * reference for one of them.  If no aliases exist, return %NULL.
 */
struct dentry *d_find_any_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *de;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        de = __d_find_any_alias(inode);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        return de;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_find_any_alias);

static struct dentry *__d_find_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *alias;

        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
                return __d_find_any_alias(inode);

        hlist_for_each_entry(alias, &inode->i_dentry, d_u.d_alias) {
                spin_lock(&alias->d_lock);
                if (!d_unhashed(alias)) {
                        dget_dlock(alias);
                        spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
                        return alias;
                }
                spin_unlock(&alias->d_lock);
        }
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * d_find_alias - grab a hashed alias of inode
 * @inode: inode in question
 *
 * If inode has a hashed alias, or is a directory and has any alias,
 * acquire the reference to alias and return it. Otherwise return NULL.
 * Notice that if inode is a directory there can be only one alias and
 * it can be unhashed only if it has no children, or if it is the root
 * of a filesystem, or if the directory was renamed and d_revalidate
 * was the first vfs operation to notice.
 *
 * If the inode has an IS_ROOT, DCACHE_DISCONNECTED alias, then prefer
 * any other hashed alias over that one.
 */
struct dentry *d_find_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *de = NULL;

        if (!hlist_empty(&inode->i_dentry)) {
                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                de = __d_find_alias(inode);
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        }
        return de;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_find_alias);

/*
 *  Caller MUST be holding rcu_read_lock() and be guaranteed
 *  that inode won't get freed until rcu_read_unlock().
 */
struct dentry *d_find_alias_rcu(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct hlist_head *l = &inode->i_dentry;
        struct dentry *de = NULL;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        // ->i_dentry and ->i_rcu are colocated, but the latter won't be
        // used without having I_FREEING set, which means no aliases left
        if (likely(!(inode_state_read(inode) & I_FREEING) && !hlist_empty(l))) {
                if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                        de = hlist_entry(l->first, struct dentry, d_u.d_alias);
                } else {
                        hlist_for_each_entry(de, l, d_u.d_alias)
                                if (!d_unhashed(de))
                                        break;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        return de;
}

/**
 * d_dispose_if_unused - move unreferenced dentries to shrink list
 * @dentry: dentry in question
 * @dispose: head of shrink list
 *
 * If dentry has no external references, move it to shrink list.
 *
 * NOTE!!! The caller is responsible for preventing eviction of the dentry by
 * holding dentry->d_inode->i_lock or equivalent.
 */
void d_dispose_if_unused(struct dentry *dentry, struct list_head *dispose)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (!dentry->d_lockref.count)
                to_shrink_list(dentry, dispose);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_dispose_if_unused);

/*
 *      Try to kill dentries associated with this inode.
 * WARNING: you must own a reference to inode.
 */
void d_prune_aliases(struct inode *inode)
{
        LIST_HEAD(dispose);
        struct dentry *dentry;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        hlist_for_each_entry(dentry, &inode->i_dentry, d_u.d_alias)
                d_dispose_if_unused(dentry, &dispose);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        shrink_dentry_list(&dispose);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_prune_aliases);

static inline void shrink_kill(struct dentry *victim)
{
        do {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                victim = __dentry_kill(victim);
                rcu_read_lock();
        } while (victim && lock_for_kill(victim));
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (victim)
                spin_unlock(&victim->d_lock);
}

void shrink_dentry_list(struct list_head *list)
{
        while (!list_empty(list)) {
                struct dentry *dentry;

                dentry = list_entry(list->prev, struct dentry, d_lru);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                rcu_read_lock();
                if (!lock_for_kill(dentry)) {
                        bool can_free;
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        d_shrink_del(dentry);
                        can_free = dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_DENTRY_KILLED;
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        if (can_free)
                                dentry_free(dentry);
                        continue;
                }
                d_shrink_del(dentry);
                shrink_kill(dentry);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dentry_list);

static enum lru_status dentry_lru_isolate(struct list_head *item,
                struct list_lru_one *lru, void *arg)
{
        struct list_head *freeable = arg;
        struct dentry   *dentry = container_of(item, struct dentry, d_lru);


        /*
         * we are inverting the lru lock/dentry->d_lock here,
         * so use a trylock. If we fail to get the lock, just skip
         * it
         */
        if (!spin_trylock(&dentry->d_lock))
                return LRU_SKIP;

        /*
         * Referenced dentries are still in use. If they have active
         * counts, just remove them from the LRU. Otherwise give them
         * another pass through the LRU.
         */
        if (dentry->d_lockref.count) {
                d_lru_isolate(lru, dentry);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                return LRU_REMOVED;
        }

        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_REFERENCED) {
                dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_REFERENCED;
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

                /*
                 * The list move itself will be made by the common LRU code. At
                 * this point, we've dropped the dentry->d_lock but keep the
                 * lru lock. This is safe to do, since every list movement is
                 * protected by the lru lock even if both locks are held.
                 *
                 * This is guaranteed by the fact that all LRU management
                 * functions are intermediated by the LRU API calls like
                 * list_lru_add_obj and list_lru_del_obj. List movement in this file
                 * only ever occur through this functions or through callbacks
                 * like this one, that are called from the LRU API.
                 *
                 * The only exceptions to this are functions like
                 * shrink_dentry_list, and code that first checks for the
                 * DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST flag.  Those are guaranteed to be
                 * operating only with stack provided lists after they are
                 * properly isolated from the main list.  It is thus, always a
                 * local access.
                 */
                return LRU_ROTATE;
        }

        d_lru_shrink_move(lru, dentry, freeable);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        return LRU_REMOVED;
}

/**
 * prune_dcache_sb - shrink the dcache
 * @sb: superblock
 * @sc: shrink control, passed to list_lru_shrink_walk()
 *
 * Attempt to shrink the superblock dcache LRU by @sc->nr_to_scan entries. This
 * is done when we need more memory and called from the superblock shrinker
 * function.
 *
 * This function may fail to free any resources if all the dentries are in
 * use.
 */
long prune_dcache_sb(struct super_block *sb, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
        LIST_HEAD(dispose);
        long freed;

        freed = list_lru_shrink_walk(&sb->s_dentry_lru, sc,
                                     dentry_lru_isolate, &dispose);
        shrink_dentry_list(&dispose);
        return freed;
}

static enum lru_status dentry_lru_isolate_shrink(struct list_head *item,
                struct list_lru_one *lru, void *arg)
{
        struct list_head *freeable = arg;
        struct dentry   *dentry = container_of(item, struct dentry, d_lru);

        /*
         * we are inverting the lru lock/dentry->d_lock here,
         * so use a trylock. If we fail to get the lock, just skip
         * it
         */
        if (!spin_trylock(&dentry->d_lock))
                return LRU_SKIP;

        d_lru_shrink_move(lru, dentry, freeable);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        return LRU_REMOVED;
}


/**
 * shrink_dcache_sb - shrink dcache for a superblock
 * @sb: superblock
 *
 * Shrink the dcache for the specified super block. This is used to free
 * the dcache before unmounting a file system.
 */
void shrink_dcache_sb(struct super_block *sb)
{
        do {
                LIST_HEAD(dispose);

                list_lru_walk(&sb->s_dentry_lru,
                        dentry_lru_isolate_shrink, &dispose, 1024);
                shrink_dentry_list(&dispose);
        } while (list_lru_count(&sb->s_dentry_lru) > 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_sb);

/**
 * enum d_walk_ret - action to take during tree walk
 * @D_WALK_CONTINUE:    continue walk
 * @D_WALK_QUIT:        quit walk
 * @D_WALK_NORETRY:     quit when retry is needed
 * @D_WALK_SKIP:        skip this dentry and its children
 */
enum d_walk_ret {
        D_WALK_CONTINUE,
        D_WALK_QUIT,
        D_WALK_NORETRY,
        D_WALK_SKIP,
};

/**
 * d_walk - walk the dentry tree
 * @parent:     start of walk
 * @data:       data passed to @enter() and @finish()
 * @enter:      callback when first entering the dentry
 *
 * The @enter() callbacks are called with d_lock held.
 */
static void d_walk(struct dentry *parent, void *data,
                   enum d_walk_ret (*enter)(void *, struct dentry *))
{
        struct dentry *this_parent, *dentry;
        unsigned seq = 0;
        enum d_walk_ret ret;
        bool retry = true;

again:
        read_seqbegin_or_lock(&rename_lock, &seq);
        this_parent = parent;
        spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);

        ret = enter(data, this_parent);
        switch (ret) {
        case D_WALK_CONTINUE:
                break;
        case D_WALK_QUIT:
        case D_WALK_SKIP:
                goto out_unlock;
        case D_WALK_NORETRY:
                retry = false;
                break;
        }
repeat:
        dentry = d_first_child(this_parent);
resume:
        hlist_for_each_entry_from(dentry, d_sib) {
                if (unlikely(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_DENTRY_CURSOR))
                        continue;

                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);

                ret = enter(data, dentry);
                switch (ret) {
                case D_WALK_CONTINUE:
                        break;
                case D_WALK_QUIT:
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        goto out_unlock;
                case D_WALK_NORETRY:
                        retry = false;
                        break;
                case D_WALK_SKIP:
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        continue;
                }

                if (!hlist_empty(&dentry->d_children)) {
                        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
                        spin_release(&dentry->d_lock.dep_map, _RET_IP_);
                        this_parent = dentry;
                        spin_acquire(&this_parent->d_lock.dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
                        goto repeat;
                }
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        /*
         * All done at this level ... ascend and resume the search.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
ascend:
        if (this_parent != parent) {
                dentry = this_parent;
                this_parent = dentry->d_parent;

                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                spin_lock(&this_parent->d_lock);

                /* might go back up the wrong parent if we have had a rename. */
                if (need_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                        goto rename_retry;
                /* go into the first sibling still alive */
                hlist_for_each_entry_continue(dentry, d_sib) {
                        if (likely(!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_DENTRY_KILLED))) {
                                rcu_read_unlock();
                                goto resume;
                        }
                }
                goto ascend;
        }
        if (need_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq))
                goto rename_retry;
        rcu_read_unlock();

out_unlock:
        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
        done_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq);
        return;

rename_retry:
        spin_unlock(&this_parent->d_lock);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        BUG_ON(seq & 1);
        if (!retry)
                return;
        seq = 1;
        goto again;
}

struct check_mount {
        struct vfsmount *mnt;
        unsigned int mounted;
};

/* locks: mount_locked_reader && dentry->d_lock */
static enum d_walk_ret path_check_mount(void *data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct check_mount *info = data;
        struct path path = { .mnt = info->mnt, .dentry = dentry };

        if (likely(!d_mountpoint(dentry)))
                return D_WALK_CONTINUE;
        if (__path_is_mountpoint(&path)) {
                info->mounted = 1;
                return D_WALK_QUIT;
        }
        return D_WALK_CONTINUE;
}

/**
 * path_has_submounts - check for mounts over a dentry in the
 *                      current namespace.
 * @parent: path to check.
 *
 * Return true if the parent or its subdirectories contain
 * a mount point in the current namespace.
 */
int path_has_submounts(const struct path *parent)
{
        struct check_mount data = { .mnt = parent->mnt, .mounted = 0 };

        guard(mount_locked_reader)();
        d_walk(parent->dentry, &data, path_check_mount);

        return data.mounted;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_has_submounts);

/*
 * Called by mount code to set a mountpoint and check if the mountpoint is
 * reachable (e.g. NFS can unhash a directory dentry and then the complete
 * subtree can become unreachable).
 *
 * Only one of d_invalidate() and d_set_mounted() must succeed.  For
 * this reason take rename_lock and d_lock on dentry and ancestors.
 */
int d_set_mounted(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *p;
        int ret = -ENOENT;
        read_seqlock_excl(&rename_lock);
        for (p = dentry->d_parent; !IS_ROOT(p); p = p->d_parent) {
                /* Need exclusion wrt. d_invalidate() */
                spin_lock(&p->d_lock);
                if (unlikely(d_unhashed(p))) {
                        spin_unlock(&p->d_lock);
                        goto out;
                }
                spin_unlock(&p->d_lock);
        }
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (!d_unlinked(dentry)) {
                ret = -EBUSY;
                if (!d_mountpoint(dentry)) {
                        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_MOUNTED;
                        ret = 0;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
out:
        read_sequnlock_excl(&rename_lock);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Search the dentry child list of the specified parent,
 * and move any unused dentries to the end of the unused
 * list for prune_dcache(). We descend to the next level
 * whenever the d_children list is non-empty and continue
 * searching.
 *
 * It returns zero iff there are no unused children,
 * otherwise  it returns the number of children moved to
 * the end of the unused list. This may not be the total
 * number of unused children, because select_parent can
 * drop the lock and return early due to latency
 * constraints.
 */

struct select_data {
        struct dentry *start;
        union {
                long found;
                struct dentry *victim;
        };
        struct list_head dispose;
};

static enum d_walk_ret select_collect(void *_data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct select_data *data = _data;
        enum d_walk_ret ret = D_WALK_CONTINUE;

        if (data->start == dentry)
                goto out;

        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST) {
                data->found++;
        } else if (!dentry->d_lockref.count) {
                to_shrink_list(dentry, &data->dispose);
                data->found++;
        } else if (dentry->d_lockref.count < 0) {
                data->found++;
        }
        /*
         * We can return to the caller if we have found some (this
         * ensures forward progress). We'll be coming back to find
         * the rest.
         */
        if (!list_empty(&data->dispose))
                ret = need_resched() ? D_WALK_QUIT : D_WALK_NORETRY;
out:
        return ret;
}

static enum d_walk_ret select_collect_umount(void *_data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_PERSISTENT) {
                dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_PERSISTENT;
                dentry->d_lockref.count--;
        }
        return select_collect(_data, dentry);
}

static enum d_walk_ret select_collect2(void *_data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct select_data *data = _data;
        enum d_walk_ret ret = D_WALK_CONTINUE;

        if (data->start == dentry)
                goto out;

        if (!dentry->d_lockref.count) {
                if (dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST) {
                        rcu_read_lock();
                        data->victim = dentry;
                        return D_WALK_QUIT;
                }
                to_shrink_list(dentry, &data->dispose);
        }
        /*
         * We can return to the caller if we have found some (this
         * ensures forward progress). We'll be coming back to find
         * the rest.
         */
        if (!list_empty(&data->dispose))
                ret = need_resched() ? D_WALK_QUIT : D_WALK_NORETRY;
out:
        return ret;
}

/**
 * shrink_dcache_tree - prune dcache
 * @parent: parent of entries to prune
 * @for_umount: true if we want to unpin the persistent ones
 *
 * Prune the dcache to remove unused children of the parent dentry.
 */
static void shrink_dcache_tree(struct dentry *parent, bool for_umount)
{
        for (;;) {
                struct select_data data = {.start = parent};

                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&data.dispose);
                d_walk(parent, &data,
                        for_umount ? select_collect_umount : select_collect);

                if (!list_empty(&data.dispose)) {
                        shrink_dentry_list(&data.dispose);
                        continue;
                }

                cond_resched();
                if (!data.found)
                        break;
                data.victim = NULL;
                d_walk(parent, &data, select_collect2);
                if (data.victim) {
                        spin_lock(&data.victim->d_lock);
                        if (!lock_for_kill(data.victim)) {
                                spin_unlock(&data.victim->d_lock);
                                rcu_read_unlock();
                        } else {
                                shrink_kill(data.victim);
                        }
                }
                if (!list_empty(&data.dispose))
                        shrink_dentry_list(&data.dispose);
        }
}

void shrink_dcache_parent(struct dentry *parent)
{
        shrink_dcache_tree(parent, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(shrink_dcache_parent);

static enum d_walk_ret umount_check(void *_data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        /* it has busy descendents; complain about those instead */
        if (!hlist_empty(&dentry->d_children))
                return D_WALK_CONTINUE;

        /* root with refcount 1 is fine */
        if (dentry == _data && dentry->d_lockref.count == 1)
                return D_WALK_CONTINUE;

        WARN(1, "BUG: Dentry %p{i=%lx,n=%pd} "
                        " still in use (%d) [unmount of %s %s]\n",
                       dentry,
                       dentry->d_inode ?
                       dentry->d_inode->i_ino : 0UL,
                       dentry,
                       dentry->d_lockref.count,
                       dentry->d_sb->s_type->name,
                       dentry->d_sb->s_id);
        return D_WALK_CONTINUE;
}

static void do_one_tree(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        shrink_dcache_tree(dentry, true);
        d_walk(dentry, dentry, umount_check);
        d_drop(dentry);
        dput(dentry);
}

/*
 * destroy the dentries attached to a superblock on unmounting
 */
void shrink_dcache_for_umount(struct super_block *sb)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;

        rwsem_assert_held_write(&sb->s_umount);

        dentry = sb->s_root;
        sb->s_root = NULL;
        do_one_tree(dentry);

        while (!hlist_bl_empty(&sb->s_roots)) {
                dentry = dget(hlist_bl_entry(hlist_bl_first(&sb->s_roots), struct dentry, d_hash));
                do_one_tree(dentry);
        }
}

static enum d_walk_ret find_submount(void *_data, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry **victim = _data;
        if (d_mountpoint(dentry)) {
                *victim = dget_dlock(dentry);
                return D_WALK_QUIT;
        }
        return D_WALK_CONTINUE;
}

/**
 * d_invalidate - detach submounts, prune dcache, and drop
 * @dentry: dentry to invalidate (aka detach, prune and drop)
 */
void d_invalidate(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        bool had_submounts = false;
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (d_unhashed(dentry)) {
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                return;
        }
        __d_drop(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);

        /* Negative dentries can be dropped without further checks */
        if (!dentry->d_inode)
                return;

        shrink_dcache_parent(dentry);
        for (;;) {
                struct dentry *victim = NULL;
                d_walk(dentry, &victim, find_submount);
                if (!victim) {
                        if (had_submounts)
                                shrink_dcache_parent(dentry);
                        return;
                }
                had_submounts = true;
                detach_mounts(victim);
                dput(victim);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_invalidate);

/**
 * __d_alloc - allocate a dcache entry
 * @sb: filesystem it will belong to
 * @name: qstr of the name
 *
 * Allocates a dentry. It returns %NULL if there is insufficient memory
 * available. On a success the dentry is returned. The name passed in is
 * copied and the copy passed in may be reused after this call.
 */
 
static struct dentry *__d_alloc(struct super_block *sb, const struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
        char *dname;
        int err;

        dentry = kmem_cache_alloc_lru(dentry_cache, &sb->s_dentry_lru,
                                      GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!dentry)
                return NULL;

        /*
         * We guarantee that the inline name is always NUL-terminated.
         * This way the memcpy() done by the name switching in rename
         * will still always have a NUL at the end, even if we might
         * be overwriting an internal NUL character
         */
        dentry->d_shortname.string[DNAME_INLINE_LEN-1] = 0;
        if (unlikely(!name)) {
                name = &slash_name;
                dname = dentry->d_shortname.string;
        } else if (name->len > DNAME_INLINE_LEN-1) {
                size_t size = offsetof(struct external_name, name[1]);
                struct external_name *p = kmalloc(size + name->len,
                                                  GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT |
                                                  __GFP_RECLAIMABLE);
                if (!p) {
                        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry); 
                        return NULL;
                }
                atomic_set(&p->count, 1);
                dname = p->name;
        } else  {
                dname = dentry->d_shortname.string;
        }       

        dentry->__d_name.len = name->len;
        dentry->__d_name.hash = name->hash;
        memcpy(dname, name->name, name->len);
        dname[name->len] = 0;

        /* Make sure we always see the terminating NUL character */
        smp_store_release(&dentry->__d_name.name, dname); /* ^^^ */

        dentry->d_flags = 0;
        lockref_init(&dentry->d_lockref);
        seqcount_spinlock_init(&dentry->d_seq, &dentry->d_lock);
        dentry->d_inode = NULL;
        dentry->d_parent = dentry;
        dentry->d_sb = sb;
        dentry->d_op = sb->__s_d_op;
        dentry->d_flags = sb->s_d_flags;
        dentry->d_fsdata = NULL;
        INIT_HLIST_BL_NODE(&dentry->d_hash);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_lru);
        INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_children);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&dentry->d_u.d_alias);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&dentry->d_sib);

        if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_init) {
                err = dentry->d_op->d_init(dentry);
                if (err) {
                        if (dname_external(dentry))
                                kfree(external_name(dentry));
                        kmem_cache_free(dentry_cache, dentry);
                        return NULL;
                }
        }

        this_cpu_inc(nr_dentry);

        return dentry;
}

/**
 * d_alloc - allocate a dcache entry
 * @parent: parent of entry to allocate
 * @name: qstr of the name
 *
 * Allocates a dentry. It returns %NULL if there is insufficient memory
 * available. On a success the dentry is returned. The name passed in is
 * copied and the copy passed in may be reused after this call.
 */
struct dentry *d_alloc(struct dentry * parent, const struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = __d_alloc(parent->d_sb, name);
        if (!dentry)
                return NULL;
        spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
        /*
         * don't need child lock because it is not subject
         * to concurrency here
         */
        dentry->d_parent = dget_dlock(parent);
        hlist_add_head(&dentry->d_sib, &parent->d_children);
        spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);

        return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc);

struct dentry *d_alloc_anon(struct super_block *sb)
{
        return __d_alloc(sb, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_anon);

struct dentry *d_alloc_cursor(struct dentry * parent)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = d_alloc_anon(parent->d_sb);
        if (dentry) {
                dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_DENTRY_CURSOR;
                dentry->d_parent = dget(parent);
        }
        return dentry;
}

/**
 * d_alloc_pseudo - allocate a dentry (for lookup-less filesystems)
 * @sb: the superblock
 * @name: qstr of the name
 *
 * For a filesystem that just pins its dentries in memory and never
 * performs lookups at all, return an unhashed IS_ROOT dentry.
 * This is used for pipes, sockets et.al. - the stuff that should
 * never be anyone's children or parents.  Unlike all other
 * dentries, these will not have RCU delay between dropping the
 * last reference and freeing them.
 *
 * The only user is alloc_file_pseudo() and that's what should
 * be considered a public interface.  Don't use directly.
 */
struct dentry *d_alloc_pseudo(struct super_block *sb, const struct qstr *name)
{
        static const struct dentry_operations anon_ops = {
                .d_dname = simple_dname
        };
        struct dentry *dentry = __d_alloc(sb, name);
        if (likely(dentry)) {
                dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_NORCU;
                /* d_op_flags(&anon_ops) is 0 */
                if (!dentry->d_op)
                        dentry->d_op = &anon_ops;
        }
        return dentry;
}

struct dentry *d_alloc_name(struct dentry *parent, const char *name)
{
        struct qstr q;

        q.name = name;
        q.hash_len = hashlen_string(parent, name);
        return d_alloc(parent, &q);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_name);

#define DCACHE_OP_FLAGS \
        (DCACHE_OP_HASH | DCACHE_OP_COMPARE | DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE | \
         DCACHE_OP_WEAK_REVALIDATE | DCACHE_OP_DELETE | DCACHE_OP_PRUNE | \
         DCACHE_OP_REAL)

static unsigned int d_op_flags(const struct dentry_operations *op)
{
        unsigned int flags = 0;
        if (op) {
                if (op->d_hash)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_HASH;
                if (op->d_compare)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_COMPARE;
                if (op->d_revalidate)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE;
                if (op->d_weak_revalidate)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_WEAK_REVALIDATE;
                if (op->d_delete)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_DELETE;
                if (op->d_prune)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_PRUNE;
                if (op->d_real)
                        flags |= DCACHE_OP_REAL;
        }
        return flags;
}

static void d_set_d_op(struct dentry *dentry, const struct dentry_operations *op)
{
        unsigned int flags = d_op_flags(op);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(dentry->d_op);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_FLAGS);
        dentry->d_op = op;
        if (flags)
                dentry->d_flags |= flags;
}

void set_default_d_op(struct super_block *s, const struct dentry_operations *ops)
{
        unsigned int flags = d_op_flags(ops);
        s->__s_d_op = ops;
        s->s_d_flags = (s->s_d_flags & ~DCACHE_OP_FLAGS) | flags;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_default_d_op);

static unsigned d_flags_for_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        unsigned add_flags = DCACHE_REGULAR_TYPE;

        if (!inode)
                return DCACHE_MISS_TYPE;

        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                add_flags = DCACHE_DIRECTORY_TYPE;
                if (unlikely(!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_LOOKUP))) {
                        if (unlikely(!inode->i_op->lookup))
                                add_flags = DCACHE_AUTODIR_TYPE;
                        else
                                inode->i_opflags |= IOP_LOOKUP;
                }
                goto type_determined;
        }

        if (unlikely(!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_NOFOLLOW))) {
                if (unlikely(inode->i_op->get_link)) {
                        add_flags = DCACHE_SYMLINK_TYPE;
                        goto type_determined;
                }
                inode->i_opflags |= IOP_NOFOLLOW;
        }

        if (unlikely(!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)))
                add_flags = DCACHE_SPECIAL_TYPE;

type_determined:
        if (unlikely(IS_AUTOMOUNT(inode)))
                add_flags |= DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT;
        return add_flags;
}

static void __d_instantiate(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
        unsigned add_flags = d_flags_for_inode(inode);
        WARN_ON(d_in_lookup(dentry));

        /*
         * The negative counter only tracks dentries on the LRU. Don't dec if
         * d_lru is on another list.
         */
        if ((dentry->d_flags &
             (DCACHE_LRU_LIST|DCACHE_SHRINK_LIST)) == DCACHE_LRU_LIST)
                this_cpu_dec(nr_dentry_negative);
        hlist_add_head(&dentry->d_u.d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
        raw_write_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
        __d_set_inode_and_type(dentry, inode, add_flags);
        raw_write_seqcount_end(&dentry->d_seq);
        fsnotify_update_flags(dentry);
}

/**
 * d_instantiate - fill in inode information for a dentry
 * @entry: dentry to complete
 * @inode: inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * Fill in inode information in the entry.
 *
 * This turns negative dentries into productive full members
 * of society.
 *
 * NOTE! This assumes that the inode count has been incremented
 * (or otherwise set) by the caller to indicate that it is now
 * in use by the dcache.
 */
 
void d_instantiate(struct dentry *entry, struct inode * inode)
{
        BUG_ON(!hlist_unhashed(&entry->d_u.d_alias));
        if (inode) {
                security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                spin_lock(&entry->d_lock);
                __d_instantiate(entry, inode);
                spin_unlock(&entry->d_lock);
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate);

/*
 * This should be equivalent to d_instantiate() + unlock_new_inode(),
 * with lockdep-related part of unlock_new_inode() done before
 * anything else.  Use that instead of open-coding d_instantiate()/
 * unlock_new_inode() combinations.
 */
void d_instantiate_new(struct dentry *entry, struct inode *inode)
{
        BUG_ON(!hlist_unhashed(&entry->d_u.d_alias));
        BUG_ON(!inode);
        lockdep_annotate_inode_mutex_key(inode);
        security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        spin_lock(&entry->d_lock);
        __d_instantiate(entry, inode);
        spin_unlock(&entry->d_lock);
        WARN_ON(!(inode_state_read(inode) & I_NEW));
        inode_state_clear(inode, I_NEW | I_CREATING);
        inode_wake_up_bit(inode, __I_NEW);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_instantiate_new);

struct dentry *d_make_root(struct inode *root_inode)
{
        struct dentry *res = NULL;

        if (root_inode) {
                res = d_alloc_anon(root_inode->i_sb);
                if (res)
                        d_instantiate(res, root_inode);
                else
                        iput(root_inode);
        }
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_make_root);

static struct dentry *__d_obtain_alias(struct inode *inode, bool disconnected)
{
        struct super_block *sb;
        struct dentry *new, *res;

        if (!inode)
                return ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
        if (IS_ERR(inode))
                return ERR_CAST(inode);

        sb = inode->i_sb;

        res = d_find_any_alias(inode); /* existing alias? */
        if (res)
                goto out;

        new = d_alloc_anon(sb);
        if (!new) {
                res = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                goto out;
        }

        security_d_instantiate(new, inode);
        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        res = __d_find_any_alias(inode); /* recheck under lock */
        if (likely(!res)) { /* still no alias, attach a disconnected dentry */
                unsigned add_flags = d_flags_for_inode(inode);

                if (disconnected)
                        add_flags |= DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;

                spin_lock(&new->d_lock);
                __d_set_inode_and_type(new, inode, add_flags);
                hlist_add_head(&new->d_u.d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
                if (!disconnected) {
                        hlist_bl_lock(&sb->s_roots);
                        hlist_bl_add_head(&new->d_hash, &sb->s_roots);
                        hlist_bl_unlock(&sb->s_roots);
                }
                spin_unlock(&new->d_lock);
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                inode = NULL; /* consumed by new->d_inode */
                res = new;
        } else {
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                dput(new);
        }

 out:
        iput(inode);
        return res;
}

/**
 * d_obtain_alias - find or allocate a DISCONNECTED dentry for a given inode
 * @inode: inode to allocate the dentry for
 *
 * Obtain a dentry for an inode resulting from NFS filehandle conversion or
 * similar open by handle operations.  The returned dentry may be anonymous,
 * or may have a full name (if the inode was already in the cache).
 *
 * When called on a directory inode, we must ensure that the inode only ever
 * has one dentry.  If a dentry is found, that is returned instead of
 * allocating a new one.
 *
 * On successful return, the reference to the inode has been transferred
 * to the dentry.  In case of an error the reference on the inode is released.
 * To make it easier to use in export operations a %NULL or IS_ERR inode may
 * be passed in and the error will be propagated to the return value,
 * with a %NULL @inode replaced by ERR_PTR(-ESTALE).
 */
struct dentry *d_obtain_alias(struct inode *inode)
{
        return __d_obtain_alias(inode, true);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_obtain_alias);

/**
 * d_obtain_root - find or allocate a dentry for a given inode
 * @inode: inode to allocate the dentry for
 *
 * Obtain an IS_ROOT dentry for the root of a filesystem.
 *
 * We must ensure that directory inodes only ever have one dentry.  If a
 * dentry is found, that is returned instead of allocating a new one.
 *
 * On successful return, the reference to the inode has been transferred
 * to the dentry.  In case of an error the reference on the inode is
 * released.  A %NULL or IS_ERR inode may be passed in and will be the
 * error will be propagate to the return value, with a %NULL @inode
 * replaced by ERR_PTR(-ESTALE).
 */
struct dentry *d_obtain_root(struct inode *inode)
{
        return __d_obtain_alias(inode, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_obtain_root);

/**
 * d_add_ci - lookup or allocate new dentry with case-exact name
 * @dentry: the negative dentry that was passed to the parent's lookup func
 * @inode:  the inode case-insensitive lookup has found
 * @name:   the case-exact name to be associated with the returned dentry
 *
 * This is to avoid filling the dcache with case-insensitive names to the
 * same inode, only the actual correct case is stored in the dcache for
 * case-insensitive filesystems.
 *
 * For a case-insensitive lookup match and if the case-exact dentry
 * already exists in the dcache, use it and return it.
 *
 * If no entry exists with the exact case name, allocate new dentry with
 * the exact case, and return the spliced entry.
 */
struct dentry *d_add_ci(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
                        struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *found, *res;

        /*
         * First check if a dentry matching the name already exists,
         * if not go ahead and create it now.
         */
        found = d_hash_and_lookup(dentry->d_parent, name);
        if (found) {
                iput(inode);
                return found;
        }
        if (d_in_lookup(dentry)) {
                found = d_alloc_parallel(dentry->d_parent, name,
                                        dentry->d_wait);
                if (IS_ERR(found) || !d_in_lookup(found)) {
                        iput(inode);
                        return found;
                }
        } else {
                found = d_alloc(dentry->d_parent, name);
                if (!found) {
                        iput(inode);
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                } 
        }
        res = d_splice_alias(inode, found);
        if (res) {
                d_lookup_done(found);
                dput(found);
                return res;
        }
        return found;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_add_ci);

/**
 * d_same_name - compare dentry name with case-exact name
 * @dentry: the negative dentry that was passed to the parent's lookup func
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name:   the case-exact name to be associated with the returned dentry
 *
 * Return: true if names are same, or false
 */
bool d_same_name(const struct dentry *dentry, const struct dentry *parent,
                 const struct qstr *name)
{
        if (likely(!(parent->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_COMPARE))) {
                if (dentry->d_name.len != name->len)
                        return false;
                return dentry_cmp(dentry, name->name, name->len) == 0;
        }
        return parent->d_op->d_compare(dentry,
                                       dentry->d_name.len, dentry->d_name.name,
                                       name) == 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(d_same_name);

/*
 * This is __d_lookup_rcu() when the parent dentry has
 * DCACHE_OP_COMPARE, which makes things much nastier.
 */
static noinline struct dentry *__d_lookup_rcu_op_compare(
        const struct dentry *parent,
        const struct qstr *name,
        unsigned *seqp)
{
        u64 hashlen = name->hash_len;
        struct hlist_bl_head *b = d_hash(hashlen);
        struct hlist_bl_node *node;
        struct dentry *dentry;

        hlist_bl_for_each_entry_rcu(dentry, node, b, d_hash) {
                int tlen;
                const char *tname;
                unsigned seq;

seqretry:
                seq = raw_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        continue;
                if (d_unhashed(dentry))
                        continue;
                if (dentry->d_name.hash != hashlen_hash(hashlen))
                        continue;
                tlen = dentry->d_name.len;
                tname = dentry->d_name.name;
                /* we want a consistent (name,len) pair */
                if (read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, seq)) {
                        cpu_relax();
                        goto seqretry;
                }
                if (parent->d_op->d_compare(dentry, tlen, tname, name) != 0)
                        continue;
                *seqp = seq;
                return dentry;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * __d_lookup_rcu - search for a dentry (racy, store-free)
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 * @seqp: returns d_seq value at the point where the dentry was found
 * Returns: dentry, or NULL
 *
 * __d_lookup_rcu is the dcache lookup function for rcu-walk name
 * resolution (store-free path walking) design described in
 * Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt.
 *
 * This is not to be used outside core vfs.
 *
 * __d_lookup_rcu must only be used in rcu-walk mode, ie. with vfsmount lock
 * held, and rcu_read_lock held. The returned dentry must not be stored into
 * without taking d_lock and checking d_seq sequence count against @seq
 * returned here.
 *
 * Alternatively, __d_lookup_rcu may be called again to look up the child of
 * the returned dentry, so long as its parent's seqlock is checked after the
 * child is looked up. Thus, an interlocking stepping of sequence lock checks
 * is formed, giving integrity down the path walk.
 *
 * NOTE! The caller *has* to check the resulting dentry against the sequence
 * number we've returned before using any of the resulting dentry state!
 */
struct dentry *__d_lookup_rcu(const struct dentry *parent,
                                const struct qstr *name,
                                unsigned *seqp)
{
        u64 hashlen = name->hash_len;
        const unsigned char *str = name->name;
        struct hlist_bl_head *b = d_hash(hashlen);
        struct hlist_bl_node *node;
        struct dentry *dentry;

        /*
         * Note: There is significant duplication with __d_lookup_rcu which is
         * required to prevent single threaded performance regressions
         * especially on architectures where smp_rmb (in seqcounts) are costly.
         * Keep the two functions in sync.
         */

        if (unlikely(parent->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_COMPARE))
                return __d_lookup_rcu_op_compare(parent, name, seqp);

        /*
         * The hash list is protected using RCU.
         *
         * Carefully use d_seq when comparing a candidate dentry, to avoid
         * races with d_move().
         *
         * It is possible that concurrent renames can mess up our list
         * walk here and result in missing our dentry, resulting in the
         * false-negative result. d_lookup() protects against concurrent
         * renames using rename_lock seqlock.
         *
         * See Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt for more details.
         */
        hlist_bl_for_each_entry_rcu(dentry, node, b, d_hash) {
                unsigned seq;

                /*
                 * The dentry sequence count protects us from concurrent
                 * renames, and thus protects parent and name fields.
                 *
                 * The caller must perform a seqcount check in order
                 * to do anything useful with the returned dentry.
                 *
                 * NOTE! We do a "raw" seqcount_begin here. That means that
                 * we don't wait for the sequence count to stabilize if it
                 * is in the middle of a sequence change. If we do the slow
                 * dentry compare, we will do seqretries until it is stable,
                 * and if we end up with a successful lookup, we actually
                 * want to exit RCU lookup anyway.
                 *
                 * Note that raw_seqcount_begin still *does* smp_rmb(), so
                 * we are still guaranteed NUL-termination of ->d_name.name.
                 */
                seq = raw_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        continue;
                if (dentry->d_name.hash_len != hashlen)
                        continue;
                if (unlikely(dentry_cmp(dentry, str, hashlen_len(hashlen)) != 0))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * Check for the dentry being unhashed.
                 *
                 * As tempting as it is, we *can't* skip it because of a race window
                 * between us finding the dentry before it gets unhashed and loading
                 * the sequence counter after unhashing is finished.
                 *
                 * We can at least predict on it.
                 */
                if (unlikely(d_unhashed(dentry)))
                        continue;
                *seqp = seq;
                return dentry;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * d_lookup - search for a dentry
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 * Returns: dentry, or NULL
 *
 * d_lookup searches the children of the parent dentry for the name in
 * question. If the dentry is found its reference count is incremented and the
 * dentry is returned. The caller must use dput to free the entry when it has
 * finished using it. %NULL is returned if the dentry does not exist.
 */
struct dentry *d_lookup(const struct dentry *parent, const struct qstr *name)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
        unsigned seq;

        do {
                seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
                dentry = __d_lookup(parent, name);
                if (dentry)
                        break;
        } while (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq));
        return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_lookup);

/**
 * __d_lookup - search for a dentry (racy)
 * @parent: parent dentry
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 * Returns: dentry, or NULL
 *
 * __d_lookup is like d_lookup, however it may (rarely) return a
 * false-negative result due to unrelated rename activity.
 *
 * __d_lookup is slightly faster by avoiding rename_lock read seqlock,
 * however it must be used carefully, eg. with a following d_lookup in
 * the case of failure.
 *
 * __d_lookup callers must be commented.
 */
struct dentry *__d_lookup(const struct dentry *parent, const struct qstr *name)
{
        unsigned int hash = name->hash;
        struct hlist_bl_head *b = d_hash(hash);
        struct hlist_bl_node *node;
        struct dentry *found = NULL;
        struct dentry *dentry;

        /*
         * Note: There is significant duplication with __d_lookup_rcu which is
         * required to prevent single threaded performance regressions
         * especially on architectures where smp_rmb (in seqcounts) are costly.
         * Keep the two functions in sync.
         */

        /*
         * The hash list is protected using RCU.
         *
         * Take d_lock when comparing a candidate dentry, to avoid races
         * with d_move().
         *
         * It is possible that concurrent renames can mess up our list
         * walk here and result in missing our dentry, resulting in the
         * false-negative result. d_lookup() protects against concurrent
         * renames using rename_lock seqlock.
         *
         * See Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt for more details.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        
        hlist_bl_for_each_entry_rcu(dentry, node, b, d_hash) {

                if (dentry->d_name.hash != hash)
                        continue;

                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        goto next;
                if (d_unhashed(dentry))
                        goto next;

                if (!d_same_name(dentry, parent, name))
                        goto next;

                dentry->d_lockref.count++;
                found = dentry;
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                break;
next:
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return found;
}

/**
 * d_hash_and_lookup - hash the qstr then search for a dentry
 * @dir: Directory to search in
 * @name: qstr of name we wish to find
 *
 * On lookup failure NULL is returned; on bad name - ERR_PTR(-error)
 */
struct dentry *d_hash_and_lookup(struct dentry *dir, struct qstr *name)
{
        /*
         * Check for a fs-specific hash function. Note that we must
         * calculate the standard hash first, as the d_op->d_hash()
         * routine may choose to leave the hash value unchanged.
         */
        name->hash = full_name_hash(dir, name->name, name->len);
        if (dir->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_HASH) {
                int err = dir->d_op->d_hash(dir, name);
                if (unlikely(err < 0))
                        return ERR_PTR(err);
        }
        return d_lookup(dir, name);
}

/*
 * When a file is deleted, we have two options:
 * - turn this dentry into a negative dentry
 * - unhash this dentry and free it.
 *
 * Usually, we want to just turn this into
 * a negative dentry, but if anybody else is
 * currently using the dentry or the inode
 * we can't do that and we fall back on removing
 * it from the hash queues and waiting for
 * it to be deleted later when it has no users
 */
 
/**
 * d_delete - delete a dentry
 * @dentry: The dentry to delete
 *
 * Turn the dentry into a negative dentry if possible, otherwise
 * remove it from the hash queues so it can be deleted later
 */
 
void d_delete(struct dentry * dentry)
{
        struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        /*
         * Are we the only user?
         */
        if (dentry->d_lockref.count == 1) {
                if (dentry_negative_policy)
                        __d_drop(dentry);
                dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_CANT_MOUNT;
                dentry_unlink_inode(dentry);
        } else {
                __d_drop(dentry);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_delete);

static void __d_rehash(struct dentry *entry)
{
        struct hlist_bl_head *b = d_hash(entry->d_name.hash);

        hlist_bl_lock(b);
        hlist_bl_add_head_rcu(&entry->d_hash, b);
        hlist_bl_unlock(b);
}

/**
 * d_rehash - add an entry back to the hash
 * @entry: dentry to add to the hash
 *
 * Adds a dentry to the hash according to its name.
 */
 
void d_rehash(struct dentry * entry)
{
        spin_lock(&entry->d_lock);
        __d_rehash(entry);
        spin_unlock(&entry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_rehash);

static inline unsigned start_dir_add(struct inode *dir)
{
        preempt_disable_nested();
        for (;;) {
                unsigned n = READ_ONCE(dir->i_dir_seq);
                if (!(n & 1) && try_cmpxchg(&dir->i_dir_seq, &n, n + 1))
                        return n;
                cpu_relax();
        }
}

static inline void end_dir_add(struct inode *dir, unsigned int n,
                               wait_queue_head_t *d_wait)
{
        smp_store_release(&dir->i_dir_seq, n + 2);
        preempt_enable_nested();
        if (wq_has_sleeper(d_wait))
                wake_up_all(d_wait);
}

static void d_wait_lookup(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (d_in_lookup(dentry)) {
                DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);
                add_wait_queue(dentry->d_wait, &wait);
                do {
                        set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        schedule();
                        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                } while (d_in_lookup(dentry));
        }
}

struct dentry *d_alloc_parallel(struct dentry *parent,
                                const struct qstr *name,
                                wait_queue_head_t *wq)
{
        unsigned int hash = name->hash;
        struct hlist_bl_head *b = in_lookup_hash(parent, hash);
        struct hlist_bl_node *node;
        struct dentry *new = __d_alloc(parent->d_sb, name);
        struct dentry *dentry;
        unsigned seq, r_seq, d_seq;

        if (unlikely(!new))
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        new->d_flags |= DCACHE_PAR_LOOKUP;
        spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
        new->d_parent = dget_dlock(parent);
        hlist_add_head(&new->d_sib, &parent->d_children);
        if (parent->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED)
                new->d_flags |= DCACHE_DISCONNECTED;
        spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);

retry:
        rcu_read_lock();
        seq = smp_load_acquire(&parent->d_inode->i_dir_seq);
        r_seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
        dentry = __d_lookup_rcu(parent, name, &d_seq);
        if (unlikely(dentry)) {
                if (!lockref_get_not_dead(&dentry->d_lockref)) {
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto retry;
                }
                if (read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, d_seq)) {
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        dput(dentry);
                        goto retry;
                }
                rcu_read_unlock();
                dput(new);
                return dentry;
        }
        if (unlikely(read_seqretry(&rename_lock, r_seq))) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto retry;
        }

        if (unlikely(seq & 1)) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto retry;
        }

        hlist_bl_lock(b);
        if (unlikely(READ_ONCE(parent->d_inode->i_dir_seq) != seq)) {
                hlist_bl_unlock(b);
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto retry;
        }
        /*
         * No changes for the parent since the beginning of d_lookup().
         * Since all removals from the chain happen with hlist_bl_lock(),
         * any potential in-lookup matches are going to stay here until
         * we unlock the chain.  All fields are stable in everything
         * we encounter.
         */
        hlist_bl_for_each_entry(dentry, node, b, d_u.d_in_lookup_hash) {
                if (dentry->d_name.hash != hash)
                        continue;
                if (dentry->d_parent != parent)
                        continue;
                if (!d_same_name(dentry, parent, name))
                        continue;
                hlist_bl_unlock(b);
                /* now we can try to grab a reference */
                if (!lockref_get_not_dead(&dentry->d_lockref)) {
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto retry;
                }

                rcu_read_unlock();
                /*
                 * somebody is likely to be still doing lookup for it;
                 * wait for them to finish
                 */
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                d_wait_lookup(dentry);
                /*
                 * it's not in-lookup anymore; in principle we should repeat
                 * everything from dcache lookup, but it's likely to be what
                 * d_lookup() would've found anyway.  If it is, just return it;
                 * otherwise we really have to repeat the whole thing.
                 */
                if (unlikely(dentry->d_name.hash != hash))
                        goto mismatch;
                if (unlikely(dentry->d_parent != parent))
                        goto mismatch;
                if (unlikely(d_unhashed(dentry)))
                        goto mismatch;
                if (unlikely(!d_same_name(dentry, parent, name)))
                        goto mismatch;
                /* OK, it *is* a hashed match; return it */
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                dput(new);
                return dentry;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        new->d_wait = wq;
        hlist_bl_add_head(&new->d_u.d_in_lookup_hash, b);
        hlist_bl_unlock(b);
        return new;
mismatch:
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        dput(dentry);
        goto retry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_alloc_parallel);

/*
 * - Unhash the dentry
 * - Retrieve and clear the waitqueue head in dentry
 * - Return the waitqueue head
 */
static wait_queue_head_t *__d_lookup_unhash(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *d_wait;
        struct hlist_bl_head *b;

        lockdep_assert_held(&dentry->d_lock);

        b = in_lookup_hash(dentry->d_parent, dentry->d_name.hash);
        hlist_bl_lock(b);
        dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_PAR_LOOKUP;
        __hlist_bl_del(&dentry->d_u.d_in_lookup_hash);
        d_wait = dentry->d_wait;
        dentry->d_wait = NULL;
        hlist_bl_unlock(b);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&dentry->d_u.d_alias);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dentry->d_lru);
        return d_wait;
}

void __d_lookup_unhash_wake(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        wake_up_all(__d_lookup_unhash(dentry));
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__d_lookup_unhash_wake);

/* inode->i_lock held if inode is non-NULL */

static inline void __d_add(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
                           const struct dentry_operations *ops)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *d_wait;
        struct inode *dir = NULL;
        unsigned n;
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (unlikely(d_in_lookup(dentry))) {
                dir = dentry->d_parent->d_inode;
                n = start_dir_add(dir);
                d_wait = __d_lookup_unhash(dentry);
        }
        if (unlikely(ops))
                d_set_d_op(dentry, ops);
        if (inode) {
                unsigned add_flags = d_flags_for_inode(inode);
                hlist_add_head(&dentry->d_u.d_alias, &inode->i_dentry);
                raw_write_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
                __d_set_inode_and_type(dentry, inode, add_flags);
                raw_write_seqcount_end(&dentry->d_seq);
                fsnotify_update_flags(dentry);
        }
        __d_rehash(dentry);
        if (dir)
                end_dir_add(dir, n, d_wait);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        if (inode)
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
}

/**
 * d_add - add dentry to hash queues
 * @entry: dentry to add
 * @inode: The inode to attach to this dentry
 *
 * This adds the entry to the hash queues and initializes @inode.
 * The entry was actually filled in earlier during d_alloc().
 */

void d_add(struct dentry *entry, struct inode *inode)
{
        if (inode) {
                security_d_instantiate(entry, inode);
                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        }
        __d_add(entry, inode, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_add);

struct dentry *d_make_persistent(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
        WARN_ON(!hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_u.d_alias));
        WARN_ON(!inode);
        security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        __d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
        dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_PERSISTENT;
        dget_dlock(dentry);
        if (d_unhashed(dentry))
                __d_rehash(dentry);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
        return dentry;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_make_persistent);

static void swap_names(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
        if (unlikely(dname_external(target))) {
                if (unlikely(dname_external(dentry))) {
                        /*
                         * Both external: swap the pointers
                         */
                        swap(target->__d_name.name, dentry->__d_name.name);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * dentry:internal, target:external.  Steal target's
                         * storage and make target internal.
                         */
                        dentry->__d_name.name = target->__d_name.name;
                        target->d_shortname = dentry->d_shortname;
                        target->__d_name.name = target->d_shortname.string;
                }
        } else {
                if (unlikely(dname_external(dentry))) {
                        /*
                         * dentry:external, target:internal.  Give dentry's
                         * storage to target and make dentry internal
                         */
                        target->__d_name.name = dentry->__d_name.name;
                        dentry->d_shortname = target->d_shortname;
                        dentry->__d_name.name = dentry->d_shortname.string;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Both are internal.
                         */
                        for (int i = 0; i < DNAME_INLINE_WORDS; i++)
                                swap(dentry->d_shortname.words[i],
                                     target->d_shortname.words[i]);
                }
        }
        swap(dentry->__d_name.hash_len, target->__d_name.hash_len);
}

static void copy_name(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
        struct external_name *old_name = NULL;
        if (unlikely(dname_external(dentry)))
                old_name = external_name(dentry);
        if (unlikely(dname_external(target))) {
                atomic_inc(&external_name(target)->count);
                dentry->__d_name = target->__d_name;
        } else {
                dentry->d_shortname = target->d_shortname;
                dentry->__d_name.name = dentry->d_shortname.string;
                dentry->__d_name.hash_len = target->__d_name.hash_len;
        }
        if (old_name && likely(atomic_dec_and_test(&old_name->count)))
                kfree_rcu(old_name, head);
}

/*
 * __d_move - move a dentry
 * @dentry: entry to move
 * @target: new dentry
 * @exchange: exchange the two dentries
 *
 * Update the dcache to reflect the move of a file name. Negative dcache
 * entries should not be moved in this way. Caller must hold rename_lock, the
 * i_rwsem of the source and target directories (exclusively), and the sb->
 * s_vfs_rename_mutex if they differ. See lock_rename().
 */
static void __d_move(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target,
                     bool exchange)
{
        struct dentry *old_parent, *p;
        wait_queue_head_t *d_wait;
        struct inode *dir = NULL;
        unsigned n;

        WARN_ON(!dentry->d_inode);
        if (WARN_ON(dentry == target))
                return;

        BUG_ON(d_ancestor(target, dentry));
        old_parent = dentry->d_parent;
        p = d_ancestor(old_parent, target);
        if (IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
                BUG_ON(p);
                spin_lock(&target->d_parent->d_lock);
        } else if (!p) {
                /* target is not a descendent of dentry->d_parent */
                spin_lock(&target->d_parent->d_lock);
                spin_lock_nested(&old_parent->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
        } else {
                BUG_ON(p == dentry);
                spin_lock(&old_parent->d_lock);
                if (p != target)
                        spin_lock_nested(&target->d_parent->d_lock,
                                        DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
        }
        spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, 2);
        spin_lock_nested(&target->d_lock, 3);

        if (unlikely(d_in_lookup(target))) {
                dir = target->d_parent->d_inode;
                n = start_dir_add(dir);
                d_wait = __d_lookup_unhash(target);
        }

        write_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
        write_seqcount_begin_nested(&target->d_seq, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);

        /* unhash both */
        if (!d_unhashed(dentry))
                ___d_drop(dentry);
        if (!d_unhashed(target))
                ___d_drop(target);

        /* ... and switch them in the tree */
        dentry->d_parent = target->d_parent;
        if (!exchange) {
                copy_name(dentry, target);
                target->d_hash.pprev = NULL;
                dentry->d_parent->d_lockref.count++;
                if (dentry != old_parent) /* wasn't IS_ROOT */
                        WARN_ON(!--old_parent->d_lockref.count);
        } else {
                target->d_parent = old_parent;
                swap_names(dentry, target);
                if (!hlist_unhashed(&target->d_sib))
                        __hlist_del(&target->d_sib);
                hlist_add_head(&target->d_sib, &target->d_parent->d_children);
                __d_rehash(target);
                fsnotify_update_flags(target);
        }
        if (!hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_sib))
                __hlist_del(&dentry->d_sib);
        hlist_add_head(&dentry->d_sib, &dentry->d_parent->d_children);
        __d_rehash(dentry);
        fsnotify_update_flags(dentry);
        fscrypt_handle_d_move(dentry);

        write_seqcount_end(&target->d_seq);
        write_seqcount_end(&dentry->d_seq);

        if (dir)
                end_dir_add(dir, n, d_wait);

        if (dentry->d_parent != old_parent)
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock);
        if (dentry != old_parent)
                spin_unlock(&old_parent->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&target->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
}

/*
 * d_move - move a dentry
 * @dentry: entry to move
 * @target: new dentry
 *
 * Update the dcache to reflect the move of a file name. Negative
 * dcache entries should not be moved in this way. See the locking
 * requirements for __d_move.
 */
void d_move(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *target)
{
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
        __d_move(dentry, target, false);
        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_move);

/*
 * d_exchange - exchange two dentries
 * @dentry1: first dentry
 * @dentry2: second dentry
 */
void d_exchange(struct dentry *dentry1, struct dentry *dentry2)
{
        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);

        WARN_ON(!dentry1->d_inode);
        WARN_ON(!dentry2->d_inode);
        WARN_ON(IS_ROOT(dentry1));
        WARN_ON(IS_ROOT(dentry2));

        __d_move(dentry1, dentry2, true);

        write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_exchange);

/**
 * d_ancestor - search for an ancestor
 * @p1: ancestor dentry
 * @p2: child dentry
 *
 * Returns the ancestor dentry of p2 which is a child of p1, if p1 is
 * an ancestor of p2, else NULL.
 */
struct dentry *d_ancestor(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
{
        struct dentry *p;

        for (p = p2; !IS_ROOT(p); p = p->d_parent) {
                if (p->d_parent == p1)
                        return p;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/*
 * This helper attempts to cope with remotely renamed directories
 *
 * It assumes that the caller is already holding
 * dentry->d_parent->d_inode->i_rwsem, and rename_lock
 *
 * Note: If ever the locking in lock_rename() changes, then please
 * remember to update this too...
 */
static int __d_unalias(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *alias)
{
        struct mutex *m1 = NULL;
        struct rw_semaphore *m2 = NULL;
        int ret = -ESTALE;

        /* If alias and dentry share a parent, then no extra locks required */
        if (alias->d_parent == dentry->d_parent)
                goto out_unalias;

        /* See lock_rename() */
        if (!mutex_trylock(&dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex))
                goto out_err;
        m1 = &dentry->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex;
        if (!inode_trylock_shared(alias->d_parent->d_inode))
                goto out_err;
        m2 = &alias->d_parent->d_inode->i_rwsem;
out_unalias:
        if (alias->d_op && alias->d_op->d_unalias_trylock &&
            !alias->d_op->d_unalias_trylock(alias))
                goto out_err;
        __d_move(alias, dentry, false);
        if (alias->d_op && alias->d_op->d_unalias_unlock)
                alias->d_op->d_unalias_unlock(alias);
        ret = 0;
out_err:
        if (m2)
                up_read(m2);
        if (m1)
                mutex_unlock(m1);
        return ret;
}

struct dentry *d_splice_alias_ops(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry,
                                  const struct dentry_operations *ops)
{
        if (IS_ERR(inode))
                return ERR_CAST(inode);

        BUG_ON(!d_unhashed(dentry));

        if (!inode)
                goto out;

        security_d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                struct dentry *new = __d_find_any_alias(inode);
                if (unlikely(new)) {
                        /* The reference to new ensures it remains an alias */
                        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                        write_seqlock(&rename_lock);
                        if (unlikely(d_ancestor(new, dentry))) {
                                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
                                dput(new);
                                new = ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
                                pr_warn_ratelimited(
                                        "VFS: Lookup of '%s' in %s %s"
                                        " would have caused loop\n",
                                        dentry->d_name.name,
                                        inode->i_sb->s_type->name,
                                        inode->i_sb->s_id);
                        } else if (!IS_ROOT(new)) {
                                struct dentry *old_parent = dget(new->d_parent);
                                int err = __d_unalias(dentry, new);
                                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
                                if (err) {
                                        dput(new);
                                        new = ERR_PTR(err);
                                }
                                dput(old_parent);
                        } else {
                                __d_move(new, dentry, false);
                                write_sequnlock(&rename_lock);
                        }
                        iput(inode);
                        return new;
                }
        }
out:
        __d_add(dentry, inode, ops);
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * d_splice_alias - splice a disconnected dentry into the tree if one exists
 * @inode:  the inode which may have a disconnected dentry
 * @dentry: a negative dentry which we want to point to the inode.
 *
 * If inode is a directory and has an IS_ROOT alias, then d_move that in
 * place of the given dentry and return it, else simply d_add the inode
 * to the dentry and return NULL.
 *
 * If a non-IS_ROOT directory is found, the filesystem is corrupt, and
 * we should error out: directories can't have multiple aliases.
 *
 * This is needed in the lookup routine of any filesystem that is exportable
 * (via knfsd) so that we can build dcache paths to directories effectively.
 *
 * If a dentry was found and moved, then it is returned.  Otherwise NULL
 * is returned.  This matches the expected return value of ->lookup.
 *
 * Cluster filesystems may call this function with a negative, hashed dentry.
 * In that case, we know that the inode will be a regular file, and also this
 * will only occur during atomic_open. So we need to check for the dentry
 * being already hashed only in the final case.
 */
struct dentry *d_splice_alias(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        return d_splice_alias_ops(inode, dentry, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_splice_alias);

/*
 * Test whether new_dentry is a subdirectory of old_dentry.
 *
 * Trivially implemented using the dcache structure
 */

/**
 * is_subdir - is new dentry a subdirectory of old_dentry
 * @new_dentry: new dentry
 * @old_dentry: old dentry
 *
 * Returns true if new_dentry is a subdirectory of the parent (at any depth).
 * Returns false otherwise.
 * Caller must ensure that "new_dentry" is pinned before calling is_subdir()
 */
  
bool is_subdir(struct dentry *new_dentry, struct dentry *old_dentry)
{
        bool subdir;
        unsigned seq;

        if (new_dentry == old_dentry)
                return true;

        /* Access d_parent under rcu as d_move() may change it. */
        rcu_read_lock();
        seq = read_seqbegin(&rename_lock);
        subdir = d_ancestor(old_dentry, new_dentry);
         /* Try lockless once... */
        if (read_seqretry(&rename_lock, seq)) {
                /* ...else acquire lock for progress even on deep chains. */
                read_seqlock_excl(&rename_lock);
                subdir = d_ancestor(old_dentry, new_dentry);
                read_sequnlock_excl(&rename_lock);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return subdir;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(is_subdir);

void d_mark_tmpfile(struct file *file, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;

        BUG_ON(dname_external(dentry) ||
                !hlist_unhashed(&dentry->d_u.d_alias) ||
                !d_unlinked(dentry));
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock);
        spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
        dentry->__d_name.len = sprintf(dentry->d_shortname.string, "#%llu",
                                (unsigned long long)inode->i_ino);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_parent->d_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_mark_tmpfile);

void d_tmpfile(struct file *file, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;

        inode_dec_link_count(inode);
        d_mark_tmpfile(file, inode);
        d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_tmpfile);

/*
 * Obtain inode number of the parent dentry.
 */
ino_t d_parent_ino(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *parent;
        struct inode *iparent;
        unsigned seq;
        ino_t ret;

        scoped_guard(rcu) {
                seq = raw_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
                parent = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_parent);
                iparent = d_inode_rcu(parent);
                if (likely(iparent)) {
                        ret = iparent->i_ino;
                        if (!read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, seq))
                                return ret;
                }
        }

        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        ret = dentry->d_parent->d_inode->i_ino;
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(d_parent_ino);

static __initdata unsigned long dhash_entries;
static int __init set_dhash_entries(char *str)
{
        return kstrtoul(str, 0, &dhash_entries) == 0;
}
__setup("dhash_entries=", set_dhash_entries);

static void __init dcache_init_early(void)
{
        /* If hashes are distributed across NUMA nodes, defer
         * hash allocation until vmalloc space is available.
         */
        if (hashdist)
                return;

        dentry_hashtable =
                alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
                                        sizeof(struct hlist_bl_head),
                                        dhash_entries,
                                        13,
                                        HASH_EARLY | HASH_ZERO,
                                        &d_hash_shift,
                                        NULL,
                                        0,
                                        0);
        d_hash_shift = 32 - d_hash_shift;

        runtime_const_init(shift, d_hash_shift);
        runtime_const_init(ptr, dentry_hashtable);
}

static void __init dcache_init(void)
{
        /*
         * A constructor could be added for stable state like the lists,
         * but it is probably not worth it because of the cache nature
         * of the dcache.
         */
        __dentry_cache = KMEM_CACHE_USERCOPY(dentry,
                SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT|SLAB_PANIC|SLAB_ACCOUNT,
                d_shortname.string);
        runtime_const_init(ptr, __dentry_cache);

        /* Hash may have been set up in dcache_init_early */
        if (!hashdist)
                return;

        dentry_hashtable =
                alloc_large_system_hash("Dentry cache",
                                        sizeof(struct hlist_bl_head),
                                        dhash_entries,
                                        13,
                                        HASH_ZERO,
                                        &d_hash_shift,
                                        NULL,
                                        0,
                                        0);
        d_hash_shift = 32 - d_hash_shift;

        runtime_const_init(shift, d_hash_shift);
        runtime_const_init(ptr, dentry_hashtable);
}

void __init vfs_caches_init_early(void)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(in_lookup_hashtable); i++)
                INIT_HLIST_BL_HEAD(&in_lookup_hashtable[i]);

        dcache_init_early();
        inode_init_early();
}

void __init vfs_caches_init(void)
{
        filename_init();
        dcache_init();
        inode_init();
        files_init();
        files_maxfiles_init();
        mnt_init();
        bdev_cache_init();
        chrdev_init();
}