/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2002 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Andrew Brown.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2025 Klara, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#if 0
#ifndef lint
__RCSID("$NetBSD: stat.c,v 1.33 2011/01/15 22:54:10 njoly Exp $"
"$OpenBSD: stat.c,v 1.14 2009/06/24 09:44:25 sobrado Exp $");
#endif
#endif
#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h" 
#else  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS 1
#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN 1
#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME 1
#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC 1
#define HAVE_DEVNAME 1
#endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>

#include <ctype.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <paths.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
#define DEF_F "%#Xf "
#define RAW_F "%f "
#define SHELL_F " st_flags=%f"
#else /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
#define DEF_F
#define RAW_F
#define SHELL_F
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */

#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
#define DEF_B "\"%SB\" "
#define RAW_B "%B "
#define SHELL_B "st_birthtime=%B "
#else /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */
#define DEF_B
#define RAW_B
#define SHELL_B
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */

#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_ATIM
#define st_atimespec st_atim
#define st_ctimespec st_ctim
#define st_mtimespec st_mtim
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_ATIM */

#define DEF_FORMAT \
        "%d %i %Sp %l %Su %Sg %r %z \"%Sa\" \"%Sm\" \"%Sc\" " DEF_B \
        "%k %b " DEF_F "%N"
#define RAW_FORMAT      "%d %i %#p %l %u %g %r %z %a %m %c " RAW_B \
        "%k %b " RAW_F "%N"
#define LS_FORMAT       "%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%SY"
#define LSF_FORMAT      "%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%T%SY"
#define SHELL_FORMAT \
        "st_dev=%d st_ino=%i st_mode=%#p st_nlink=%l " \
        "st_uid=%u st_gid=%g st_rdev=%r st_size=%z " \
        "st_atime=%a st_mtime=%m st_ctime=%c " SHELL_B \
        "st_blksize=%k st_blocks=%b" SHELL_F
#define LINUX_FORMAT \
        "  File: \"%N\"%n" \
        "  Size: %-11z  FileType: %HT%n" \
        "  Mode: (%OMp%03OLp/%.10Sp)         Uid: (%5u/%8Su)  Gid: (%5g/%8Sg)%n" \
        "Device: %Hd,%Ld   Inode: %i    Links: %l%n" \
        "Access: %Sa%n" \
        "Modify: %Sm%n" \
        "Change: %Sc%n" \
        " Birth: %SB"

#define TIME_FORMAT     "%b %e %T %Y"

#define FLAG_POUND      0x01
#define FLAG_SPACE      0x02
#define FLAG_PLUS       0x04
#define FLAG_ZERO       0x08
#define FLAG_MINUS      0x10

/*
 * These format characters must all be unique, except the magic one.
 */
#define FMT_MAGIC       '%'
#define FMT_DOT         '.'

#define SIMPLE_NEWLINE  'n'
#define SIMPLE_TAB      't'
#define SIMPLE_PERCENT  '%'
#define SIMPLE_NUMBER   '@'

#define FMT_POUND       '#'
#define FMT_SPACE       ' '
#define FMT_PLUS        '+'
#define FMT_ZERO        '0'
#define FMT_MINUS       '-'

#define FMT_DECIMAL     'D'
#define FMT_OCTAL       'O'
#define FMT_UNSIGNED    'U'
#define FMT_HEX         'X'
#define FMT_FLOAT       'F'
#define FMT_STRING      'S'

#define FMTF_DECIMAL    0x01
#define FMTF_OCTAL      0x02
#define FMTF_UNSIGNED   0x04
#define FMTF_HEX        0x08
#define FMTF_FLOAT      0x10
#define FMTF_STRING     0x20

#define HIGH_PIECE      'H'
#define MIDDLE_PIECE    'M'
#define LOW_PIECE       'L'

#define SHOW_realpath   'R'
#define SHOW_st_dev     'd'
#define SHOW_st_ino     'i'
#define SHOW_st_mode    'p'
#define SHOW_st_nlink   'l'
#define SHOW_st_uid     'u'
#define SHOW_st_gid     'g'
#define SHOW_st_rdev    'r'
#define SHOW_st_atime   'a'
#define SHOW_st_mtime   'm'
#define SHOW_st_ctime   'c'
#define SHOW_st_btime   'B'
#define SHOW_st_size    'z'
#define SHOW_st_blocks  'b'
#define SHOW_st_blksize 'k'
#define SHOW_st_flags   'f'
#define SHOW_st_gen     'v'
#define SHOW_symlink    'Y'
#define SHOW_filetype   'T'
#define SHOW_filename   'N'
#define SHOW_sizerdev   'Z'

static void      usage(const char *);
static void      output(const struct stat *, const char *, const char *, int);
static int       format1(const struct stat *,   /* stat info */
            const char *,               /* the file name */
            const char *, int,          /* the format string itself */
            char *, size_t,             /* a place to put the output */
            int, int, int, int,         /* the parsed format */
            int, int);
static int       hex2byte(const char [2]);
#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
static char     *xfflagstostr(unsigned long);
#endif
static int       fdlistholes(int, const char *);
static int       listholes(const char *);

static const char *timefmt;
static int linkfail;
static bool nonl;

#define addchar(s, c, nl) \
        do { \
                (void)fputc((c), (s)); \
                (*nl) = ((c) == '\n'); \
        } while (0/*CONSTCOND*/)

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        struct stat st;
        char dname[sizeof _PATH_DEV + SPECNAMELEN] = _PATH_DEV;
        const char *statfmt, *options, *synopsis;
        const char *file;
        fhandle_t fhnd;
        int ch, rc, errs, am_readlink, fn, fmtchar;
        bool lsF, holes, usestat, nfs_handle, quiet;

        am_readlink = 0;
        errs = 0;
        lsF = false;
        fmtchar = '\0';
        holes = false;
        usestat = false;
        nfs_handle = false;
        nonl = false;
        quiet = false;
        linkfail = 0;
        statfmt = NULL;
        timefmt = NULL;

        if (strcmp(getprogname(), "readlink") == 0) {
                am_readlink = 1;
                options = "fn";
                synopsis = "[-fn] [file ...]";
                statfmt = "%Y";
                fmtchar = 'f';
                quiet = 1;
        } else {
                options = "Ff:HhLlnqrst:x";
                synopsis = "[-FHhLnq] [-f format | -l | -r | -s | -x] "
                    "[-t timefmt] [file|handle ...]";
        }

        while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, options)) != -1)
                switch (ch) {
                case 'F':
                        lsF = true;
                        break;
                case 'H':
                        nfs_handle = true;
                        break;
                case 'h':
                        holes = true;
                        break;
                case 'L':
                        usestat = true;
                        break;
                case 'n':
                        nonl = true;
                        break;
                case 't':
                        timefmt = optarg;
                        break;
                case 'q':
                        quiet = true;
                        break;
                /* remaining cases are purposefully out of order */
                case 'f':
                        if (am_readlink) {
                                statfmt = "%R";
                                break;
                        }
                        statfmt = optarg;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case 'l':
                case 'r':
                case 's':
                case 'x':
                        if (fmtchar != 0)
                                errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with '%c'",
                                    fmtchar, ch);
                        fmtchar = ch;
                        break;
                default:
                        usage(synopsis);
                }

        argc -= optind;
        argv += optind;
        fn = 1;

        if (holes) {
                if (fmtchar || lsF || nfs_handle || usestat || timefmt)
                        usage(synopsis);
                if (argc > 0) {
                        while (argc-- > 0) {
                                if (listholes(*argv) != 0) {
                                        if (!quiet)
                                                warn("%s", *argv);
                                        errs++;
                                }
                                argv++;
                        }
                } else {
                        if (fdlistholes(STDIN_FILENO, "stdin") != 0) {
                                if (!quiet)
                                        warn("stdin");
                                errs++;
                        }
                }
                exit(errs ? 1 : 0);
        }

        if (fmtchar == '\0') {
                if (lsF)
                        fmtchar = 'l';
                else {
                        fmtchar = 'f';
                        statfmt = DEF_FORMAT;
                }
        }

        if (lsF && fmtchar != 'l')
                errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with -F", fmtchar);

        switch (fmtchar) {
        case 'f':
                /* statfmt already set */
                break;
        case 'l':
                statfmt = lsF ? LSF_FORMAT : LS_FORMAT;
                break;
        case 'r':
                statfmt = RAW_FORMAT;
                break;
        case 's':
                statfmt = SHELL_FORMAT;
                break;
        case 'x':
                statfmt = LINUX_FORMAT;
                if (timefmt == NULL)
                        timefmt = "%c";
                break;
        default:
                usage(synopsis);
                /*NOTREACHED*/
        }

        if (timefmt == NULL)
                timefmt = TIME_FORMAT;

        do {
                if (argc == 0) {
                        if (fdevname_r(STDIN_FILENO, dname +
                            sizeof _PATH_DEV - 1, SPECNAMELEN) != NULL)
                                file = dname;
                        else
                                file = "(stdin)";
                        rc = fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st);
                } else {
                        int j;

                        file = argv[0];
                        if (nfs_handle) {
                                rc = 0;
                                bzero(&fhnd, sizeof(fhnd));
                                j = MIN(2 * sizeof(fhnd), strlen(file));
                                if ((j & 1) != 0) {
                                        rc = -1;
                                } else {
                                        while (j) {
                                                rc = hex2byte(&file[j - 2]);
                                                if (rc == -1)
                                                        break;
                                                ((char*) &fhnd)[j / 2 - 1] = rc;
                                                j -= 2;
                                        }
                                }
                                if (rc == -1)
                                        errno = EINVAL;
                                else
                                        rc = fhstat(&fhnd, &st);

                        } else if (usestat) {
                                /*
                                 * Try stat() and if it fails, fall back to
                                 * lstat() just in case we're examining a
                                 * broken symlink.
                                 */
                                if ((rc = stat(file, &st)) == -1 &&
                                    errno == ENOENT &&
                                    (rc = lstat(file, &st)) == -1)
                                        errno = ENOENT;
                        } else
                                rc = lstat(file, &st);
                }

                if (rc == -1) {
                        errs = 1;
                        linkfail = 1;
                        if (!quiet)
                                warn("%s", file);
                } else
                        output(&st, file, statfmt, fn);

                argv++;
                argc--;
                fn++;
        } while (argc > 0);

        return (am_readlink ? linkfail : errs);
}

#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
/*
 * fflagstostr() wrapper that leaks only once
 */
static char *
xfflagstostr(unsigned long fflags)
{
        static char *str = NULL;

        if (str != NULL)
                free(str);

        str = fflagstostr(fflags);
        if (str == NULL)
                err(1, "fflagstostr");
        return (str);
}
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */

static void
usage(const char *synopsis)
{
        (void)fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s %s\n", getprogname(), synopsis);
        exit(1);
}

/* 
 * Parses a format string.
 */
static void
output(const struct stat *st, const char *file, const char *statfmt, int fn)
{
        int flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what;
        char buf[PATH_MAX + 4 + 1];
        const char *subfmt;
        int nl, t, i;

        nl = 1;
        while (*statfmt != '\0') {

                /*
                 * Non-format characters go straight out.
                 */
                if (*statfmt != FMT_MAGIC) {
                        addchar(stdout, *statfmt, &nl);
                        statfmt++;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * The current format "substring" starts here,
                 * and then we skip the magic.
                 */
                subfmt = statfmt;
                statfmt++;

                /*
                 * Some simple one-character "formats".
                 */
                switch (*statfmt) {
                case SIMPLE_NEWLINE:
                        addchar(stdout, '\n', &nl);
                        statfmt++;
                        continue;
                case SIMPLE_TAB:
                        addchar(stdout, '\t', &nl);
                        statfmt++;
                        continue;
                case SIMPLE_PERCENT:
                        addchar(stdout, '%', &nl);
                        statfmt++;
                        continue;
                case SIMPLE_NUMBER: {
                        char num[12], *p;

                        snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", fn);
                        for (p = &num[0]; *p; p++)
                                addchar(stdout, *p, &nl);
                        statfmt++;
                        continue;
                }
                }

                /*
                 * This must be an actual format string.  Format strings are
                 * similar to printf(3) formats up to a point, and are of
                 * the form:
                 *
                 *      %       required start of format
                 *      [-# +0] opt. format characters
                 *      size    opt. field width
                 *      .       opt. decimal separator, followed by
                 *      prec    opt. precision
                 *      fmt     opt. output specifier (string, numeric, etc.)
                 *      sub     opt. sub field specifier (high, middle, low)
                 *      datum   required field specifier (size, mode, etc)
                 *
                 * Only the % and the datum selector are required.  All data
                 * have reasonable default output forms.  The "sub" specifier
                 * only applies to certain data (mode, dev, rdev, filetype).
                 * The symlink output defaults to STRING, yet will only emit
                 * the leading " -> " if STRING is explicitly specified.  The
                 * sizerdev datum will generate rdev output for character or
                 * block devices, and size output for all others.
                 */
                flags = 0;
                do {
                        if      (*statfmt == FMT_POUND)
                                flags |= FLAG_POUND;
                        else if (*statfmt == FMT_SPACE)
                                flags |= FLAG_SPACE;
                        else if (*statfmt == FMT_PLUS)
                                flags |= FLAG_PLUS;
                        else if (*statfmt == FMT_ZERO)
                                flags |= FLAG_ZERO;
                        else if (*statfmt == FMT_MINUS)
                                flags |= FLAG_MINUS;
                        else
                                break;
                        statfmt++;
                } while (1/*CONSTCOND*/);

                size = -1;
                if (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
                        size = 0;
                        while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
                                size = (size * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
                                statfmt++;
                                if (size < 0)
                                        goto badfmt;
                        }
                }

                prec = -1;
                if (*statfmt == FMT_DOT) {
                        statfmt++;

                        prec = 0;
                        while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
                                prec = (prec * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
                                statfmt++;
                                if (prec < 0)
                                        goto badfmt;
                        }
                }

#define fmtcase(x, y)           case (y): (x) = (y); statfmt++; break
#define fmtcasef(x, y, z)       case (y): (x) = (z); statfmt++; break
                switch (*statfmt) {
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_DECIMAL,     FMTF_DECIMAL);
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_OCTAL,       FMTF_OCTAL);
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_UNSIGNED,    FMTF_UNSIGNED);
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_HEX,         FMTF_HEX);
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_FLOAT,       FMTF_FLOAT);
                        fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_STRING,      FMTF_STRING);
                default:
                        ofmt = 0;
                        break;
                }

                switch (*statfmt) {
                        fmtcase(hilo, HIGH_PIECE);
                        fmtcase(hilo, MIDDLE_PIECE);
                        fmtcase(hilo, LOW_PIECE);
                default:
                        hilo = 0;
                        break;
                }

                switch (*statfmt) {
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_realpath);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_dev);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ino);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mode);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_nlink);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_uid);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gid);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_rdev);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_atime);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mtime);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ctime);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_btime);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_size);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blocks);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blksize);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_flags);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gen);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_symlink);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_filetype);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_filename);
                        fmtcase(what, SHOW_sizerdev);
                default:
                        goto badfmt;
                }
#undef fmtcasef
#undef fmtcase

                t = format1(st,
                     file,
                     subfmt, statfmt - subfmt,
                     buf, sizeof(buf),
                     flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what);

                for (i = 0; i < t && i < (int)(sizeof(buf) - 1); i++)
                        addchar(stdout, buf[i], &nl);

                continue;

        badfmt:
                errx(1, "%.*s: bad format",
                    (int)(statfmt - subfmt + 1), subfmt);
        }

        if (!nl && !nonl)
                (void)fputc('\n', stdout);
        (void)fflush(stdout);
}

/*
 * Arranges output according to a single parsed format substring.
 */
static int
format1(const struct stat *st,
    const char *file,
    const char *fmt, int flen,
    char *buf, size_t blen,
    int flags, int size, int prec, int ofmt,
    int hilo, int what)
{
        u_int64_t data;
        char *stmp, lfmt[24], tmp[20];
        const char *sdata;
        char smode[12], sid[12], path[PATH_MAX + 4];
        const struct timespec *tsp;
        struct timespec ts;
        struct tm *tm;
        int l, small, formats;

        tsp = NULL;
        formats = 0;
        small = 0;

        /*
         * First, pick out the data and tweak it based on hilo or
         * specified output format (symlink output only).
         */
        switch (what) {
        case SHOW_st_dev:
        case SHOW_st_rdev:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
                data = (what == SHOW_st_dev) ? st->st_dev : st->st_rdev;
#if HAVE_DEVNAME
                sdata = devname(what == SHOW_st_dev ? st->st_dev :
                    st->st_rdev, S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) ? S_IFCHR :
                    (S_ISBLK(st->st_mode) ? S_IFBLK : 0));
#endif /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
                if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
                        data = major(data);
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
                        data = minor((unsigned)data);
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
#if HAVE_DEVNAME
                    FMTF_STRING;
#else /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
                    0;
#endif /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_ino:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_ino) == 4);
                data = st->st_ino;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_mode:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_mode) == 4);
                data = st->st_mode;
                strmode(st->st_mode, smode);
                stmp = smode;
                l = strlen(stmp);
                if (stmp[l - 1] == ' ')
                        stmp[--l] = '\0';
                if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
                        data >>= 12;
                        stmp += 1;
                        stmp[3] = '\0';
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                else if (hilo == MIDDLE_PIECE) {
                        data = (data >> 9) & 07;
                        stmp += 4;
                        stmp[3] = '\0';
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
                        data &= 0777;
                        stmp += 7;
                        stmp[3] = '\0';
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                sdata = stmp;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
                    FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_OCTAL;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_nlink:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
                data = st->st_nlink;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_uid:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_uid) == 4);
                data = st->st_uid;
                sdata = user_from_uid(st->st_uid, 1);
                if (sdata == NULL) {
                        snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_uid);
                        sdata = sid;
                }
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
                    FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_gid:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_gid) == 4);
                data = st->st_gid;
                sdata = group_from_gid(st->st_gid, 1);
                if (sdata == NULL) {
                        snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_gid);
                        sdata = sid;
                }
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
                    FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_atime:
                tsp = &st->st_atimespec;
                /* FALLTHROUGH */
        case SHOW_st_mtime:
                if (tsp == NULL)
                        tsp = &st->st_mtimespec;
                /* FALLTHROUGH */
        case SHOW_st_ctime:
                if (tsp == NULL)
                        tsp = &st->st_ctimespec;
                /* FALLTHROUGH */
#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
        case SHOW_st_btime:
                if (tsp == NULL)
                        tsp = &st->st_birthtimespec;
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */
                ts = *tsp;              /* copy so we can muck with it */
                small = (sizeof(ts.tv_sec) == 4);
                data = ts.tv_sec;
                tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
                if (tm == NULL) {
                        ts.tv_sec = 0;
                        tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
                }
                (void)setlocale(LC_TIME, "");
                (void)strftime(path, sizeof(path), timefmt, tm);
                sdata = path;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
                    FMTF_FLOAT | FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_DECIMAL;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_size:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_size) == 4);
                data = st->st_size;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_blocks:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_blocks) == 4);
                data = st->st_blocks;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
        case SHOW_st_blksize:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_blksize) == 4);
                data = st->st_blksize;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
        case SHOW_st_flags:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_flags) == 4);
                data = st->st_flags;
                sdata = xfflagstostr(st->st_flags);
                if (*sdata == '\0')
                        sdata = "-";
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
                    FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
#if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
        case SHOW_st_gen:
                small = (sizeof(st->st_gen) == 4);
                data = st->st_gen;
                sdata = NULL;
                formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
                break;
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN */
        case SHOW_realpath:
                small = 0;
                data = 0;
                if (file == NULL) {
                        (void)strlcpy(path, "(stdin)", sizeof(path));
                        sdata = path;
                } else {
                        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
                        if (realpath(file, path + 4) == NULL) {
                                linkfail = 1;
                                l = 0;
                                path[0] = '\0';
                        }
                        sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
                }

                formats = FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
                break;
        case SHOW_symlink:
                small = 0;
                data = 0;
                if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode)) {
                        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
                        l = readlink(file, path + 4, sizeof(path) - 4 - 1);
                        if (l == -1) {
                                linkfail = 1;
                                l = 0;
                                path[0] = '\0';
                        }
                        path[l + 4] = '\0';
                        sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
                }
                else {
                        linkfail = 1;
                        sdata = "";
                }
                formats = FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
                break;
        case SHOW_filetype:
                small = 0;
                data = 0;
                sdata = "";
                if (hilo == 0 || hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
                        switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
                        case S_IFIFO:   sdata = "|";    break;
                        case S_IFDIR:   sdata = "/";    break;
                        case S_IFREG:
                                if (st->st_mode &
                                    (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH))
                                        sdata = "*";
                                break;
                        case S_IFLNK:   sdata = "@";    break;
                        case S_IFSOCK:  sdata = "=";    break;
#ifdef S_IFWHT
                        case S_IFWHT:   sdata = "%";    break;
#endif /* S_IFWHT */
#ifdef S_IFDOOR
                        case S_IFDOOR:  sdata = ">";    break;
#endif /* S_IFDOOR */
                        }
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                else if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
                        switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
                        case S_IFIFO:   sdata = "Fifo File";            break;
                        case S_IFCHR:   sdata = "Character Device";     break;
                        case S_IFDIR:   sdata = "Directory";            break;
                        case S_IFBLK:   sdata = "Block Device";         break;
                        case S_IFREG:   sdata = "Regular File";         break;
                        case S_IFLNK:   sdata = "Symbolic Link";        break;
                        case S_IFSOCK:  sdata = "Socket";               break;
#ifdef S_IFWHT
                        case S_IFWHT:   sdata = "Whiteout File";        break;
#endif /* S_IFWHT */
#ifdef S_IFDOOR
                        case S_IFDOOR:  sdata = "Door";                 break;
#endif /* S_IFDOOR */
                        default:        sdata = "???";                  break;
                        }
                        hilo = 0;
                }
                formats = FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
                break;
        case SHOW_filename:
                small = 0;
                data = 0;
                (void)strlcpy(path, file, sizeof(path));
                sdata = path;
                formats = FMTF_STRING;
                if (ofmt == 0)
                        ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
                break;
        case SHOW_sizerdev:
                if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st->st_mode)) {
                        char majdev[20], mindev[20];
                        int l1, l2;

                        l1 = format1(st,
                            file,
                            fmt, flen,
                            majdev, sizeof(majdev),
                            flags, size, prec,
                            ofmt, HIGH_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
                        l2 = format1(st,
                            file,
                            fmt, flen,
                            mindev, sizeof(mindev),
                            flags, size, prec,
                            ofmt, LOW_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
                        return (snprintf(buf, blen, "%.*s,%.*s",
                            l1, majdev, l2, mindev));
                }
                else {
                        return (format1(st,
                            file,
                            fmt, flen,
                            buf, blen,
                            flags, size, prec,
                            ofmt, 0, SHOW_st_size));
                }
                /*NOTREACHED*/
        default:
                errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
        }

        /*
         * If a subdatum was specified but not supported, or an output
         * format was selected that is not supported, that's an error.
         */
        if (hilo != 0 || (ofmt & formats) == 0)
                errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);

        /*
         * Assemble the format string for passing to printf(3).
         */
        lfmt[0] = '\0';
        (void)strcat(lfmt, "%");
        if (flags & FLAG_POUND)
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "#");
        if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                (void)strcat(lfmt, " ");
        if (flags & FLAG_PLUS)
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "+");
        if (flags & FLAG_MINUS)
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "-");
        if (flags & FLAG_ZERO)
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "0");

        /*
         * Only the timespecs support the FLOAT output format, and that
         * requires work that differs from the other formats.
         */ 
        if (ofmt == FMTF_FLOAT) {
                /*
                 * Nothing after the decimal point, so just print seconds.
                 */
                if (prec == 0) {
                        if (size != -1) {
                                (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
                                (void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
                        }
                        (void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");
                        return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt,
                            (long long)ts.tv_sec));
                }

                /*
                 * Unspecified precision gets all the precision we have:
                 * 9 digits.
                 */
                if (prec == -1)
                        prec = 9;

                /*
                 * Adjust the size for the decimal point and the digits
                 * that will follow.
                 */
                size -= prec + 1;

                /*
                 * Any leftover size that's legitimate will be used.
                 */
                if (size > 0) {
                        (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
                        (void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
                }
                /* Seconds: time_t cast to long long. */
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");

                /*
                 * The stuff after the decimal point always needs zero
                 * filling.
                 */
                (void)strcat(lfmt, ".%0");

                /*
                 * We can "print" at most nine digits of precision.  The
                 * rest we will pad on at the end.
                 *
                 * Nanoseconds: long.
                 */
                (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%dld", MIN(prec, 9));
                (void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);

                /*
                 * For precision of less than nine digits, trim off the
                 * less significant figures.
                 */
                for (; prec < 9; prec++)
                        ts.tv_nsec /= 10;

                /*
                 * Use the format, and then tack on any zeroes that
                 * might be required to make up the requested precision.
                 */
                l = snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, (long long)ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
                for (; prec > 9 && l < (int)blen; prec--, l++)
                        (void)strcat(buf, "0");
                return (l);
        }

        /*
         * Add on size and precision, if specified, to the format.
         */
        if (size != -1) {
                (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
                (void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
        }
        if (prec != -1) {
                (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), ".%d", prec);
                (void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
        }

        /*
         * String output uses the temporary sdata.
         */
        if (ofmt == FMTF_STRING) {
                if (sdata == NULL)
                        errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
                (void)strcat(lfmt, "s");
                return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, sdata));
        }

        /*
         * Ensure that sign extension does not cause bad looking output
         * for some forms.
         */
        if (small && ofmt != FMTF_DECIMAL)
                data = (u_int32_t)data;

        /*
         * The four "numeric" output forms.
         */
        (void)strcat(lfmt, "ll");
        switch (ofmt) {
        case FMTF_DECIMAL:      (void)strcat(lfmt, "d");        break;
        case FMTF_OCTAL:        (void)strcat(lfmt, "o");        break;
        case FMTF_UNSIGNED:     (void)strcat(lfmt, "u");        break;
        case FMTF_HEX:          (void)strcat(lfmt, "x");        break;
        }

        return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, data));
}


#define hex2nibble(c) (c <= '9' ? c - '0' : toupper(c) - 'A' + 10)
static int
hex2byte(const char c[2]) {
        if (!(ishexnumber(c[0]) && ishexnumber(c[1])))
                return -1;
        return (hex2nibble(c[0]) << 4) + hex2nibble(c[1]);
}

static int
fdlistholes(int fd, const char *fn)
{
        struct stat sb;
        off_t pos = 0, off;
        long l;

        if (fstat(fd, &sb) < 0)
                return (-1);
        if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
                if ((l = fpathconf(fd, _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE)) < 0)
                        return (-1);
                printf("%ld", l);
        } else if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
                errno = ESPIPE;
                return (-1);
        } else {
                for (;;) {
                        if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_HOLE)) < 0) {
                                if (errno != ENXIO)
                                        return (-1);
                                /*
                                 * This can only happen if the file was
                                 * truncated while we were scanning it, or
                                 * on the initial seek if the file is
                                 * empty.  Report the virtual hole at the
                                 * end of the file at this position.
                                 */
                                off = pos;
                        }
                        printf("%jd", (intmax_t)off);
                        pos = off;
                        if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_DATA)) < 0) {
                                if (errno != ENXIO)
                                        return (-1);
                                /*
                                 * There are no more data regions in the
                                 * file, or it got truncated.  However, we
                                 * may not be at the end yet.
                                 */
                                if ((off = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END)) > pos)
                                        printf("-%jd", (intmax_t)off - 1);
                                break;
                        }
                        printf("-%jd,", (intmax_t)off - 1);
                        pos = off;
                }
        }
        printf(" %s", fn);
        if (!nonl)
                printf("\n");
        return (0);
}

static int
listholes(const char *fn)
{
        int fd, ret;

        if ((fd = open(fn, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
                return (-1);
        ret = fdlistholes(fd, fn);
        close(fd);
        return (ret);
}